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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Horse used for riding racing driving showing or utility on a farm . Posses high speed

A

Light horse

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2
Q

Large breed of horse used for work

A

Draft horse

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3
Q

Country where horse is used as a source of meat for human consumption

A

Europe

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4
Q

Height of ponies

A

14 hands and 2 inches height at shoulder

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5
Q

Breeds of horses in India

A

9 out of which 6 are well recognised

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6
Q

Horse breed of Rajasthan

A

Marwari

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7
Q

Horse breed of Gujarat

A

Kathiawari

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8
Q

Horse breed of Himachal Pradesh

A

Spiti

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9
Q

Horse breed of Ladakh

A

Zanskari

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10
Q

Horse breed of Manipur

A

Manipuri

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11
Q

Horse breed of Sikkim , Darjeeling , Arunachal and Bhutan

A

Bhutia

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12
Q

Exotic horse breeds in India

A

English Thoroughbred
Connemara
Haflinger
Water
Arab
Polish

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13
Q

Andhiyur annual shandy means

A

Andhiyur horse market in Tamil Naidu

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14
Q

Digestive nature of horse

A

Fleet footed specialised herbivore

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15
Q

Percentage weight of digestive tract as compared to whole body weight

A

Sheep = 37.5 %
Cattle = 45%
Dogs = 3.7%
Humans = 8%
Pigs = 14%
Horses= 20%

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16
Q

Feed stays in rumen and reticulum for

A

5 to 7 days

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17
Q

Which animal derives highest proportion of energy from a given weight of fibrous feed

A

Ruminant

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18
Q

Length of digestive system or alimentary canal of horse

A

100 feet

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19
Q

Time taken by feed to reach from mouth to Anus in ruminants

A

72 to 96 hours

36 to 48 hours in horses

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20
Q

Two functional parts of horses digestive tract

A

Foregut

Hindgut

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21
Q

Ruminants are which type of fermenters

A

Foregut fermenters

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22
Q

Horses are what type of fermenters

A

Hindgut fermenters

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23
Q

Foregut of horse function as of

A

Pig

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24
Q

Hindgut of horse function as of

A

Ruminants

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25
Q

In feed utilisation horse is in between

A

Pigs and ruminants

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26
Q

Animal with mobile nostrils

A

Horse

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27
Q

Prehensile organ of horse

A

Upper lip

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28
Q

Bone like substance over dentine of tooth is formed by

A

Cement like substance silica in feed of horse

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29
Q

High crowned teeth’s of horses grows for a period of

A

Throughout the life

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30
Q

Digestion in horses converts herbage into

A

Pulp

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31
Q

Anaerobic bacteria in stomach of horse

A

Lactobacillus and streptococcus

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32
Q

Bacteria in mucosa and lumen of duodenum jejunum and ileum are

A

Viable bacteria with proteolytic activity in horses

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33
Q

Bacteria in mucosa and lumen of duodenum jejunum and ileum are

A

Viable bacteria with proteolytic activity

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34
Q

Glands in large intestine of horses secrete which enzyme

A

Only mucus and no digestive enzyme

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35
Q

Type of bacteria in caecum of horse

A

Cellulolytic are more in caecum than colon
Glucolytic

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36
Q

Most of the digestion of proteins in horses takes place in

A

Small intestine

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37
Q

How much proteolytic bacteria are in the large intestine

A

20 percent so protein digestion too takes place in large intestine of horse

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38
Q

Methanogen population in caecum of horse

A

10 power 5 per ml

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39
Q

Percentage of archae in horses digestive system

A

3.5%

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40
Q

Two functions of methanogens in horses

A

1) Removes excess hydrogen via anaerobic metabolism
2) favours growth of fermentative bacteria

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41
Q

Function of acetogenic bacteria in horses

A

Converts H2 and CO2 into ACETATE

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42
Q

Function of protozoa in caecum of horses

A

Assist degradation of hemicellulose and pectins

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43
Q

Defaunation in horses results in

A

Decrease in digestibility

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44
Q

Prebiotics are used in horse to keep

A

Balanced microbial population in Hindgut eg stress due to starch overload in diet

45
Q

Prebiotic used in horse

A

Short chain fructose oligosaccharide

46
Q

In terms of digestive system horse is

A

Monogastric hindgut fermenter

47
Q

Saliva produced by horse per day

A

10 to 12 liters

48
Q

Length of oesophagus of horse

A

1 to 1.5 meters

49
Q

Section of horses stomach where oesophagus enters

A

Oesophageal section

50
Q

Glands are present in which section of horses stomach which secrete pepsin and other proteolytic enzymes

A

Pyloric part

51
Q

Food stays in anaerobic funding section for how much time

A

2 to 6 hours

52
Q

Foregut of horse consists of which parts of the digestive system

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach which constitute 8% to digestive system
Small intestine which constitute 30% of small intestine

53
Q

Stomach capacity of a mature cow is how much times more than capacity of a mature horse

A

10 times out of

54
Q

Hindgut of horse consists of

A

Large intestine which constitute 60% to 62%

55
Q

Large intestine of horse consists of

A

Caecum which constitute 15% of digestive tract
Colon which constitute 47% of digestive tract

56
Q

Enzymatic breakdown and absorption of digesta in horse takes place in

A

Small intestine

57
Q

When carbohydrates are converted into lactic acid then ph

A

Ph decreases to 2.6

58
Q

Ph in duodenum

A

7 to 7.4 by bile secreted from liver

59
Q

Carbohydrates are converted into lactic acid in horse by which enzymes

A

a- amylase
ot- glucosidase

60
Q

Digesta reaches to caecum after how much time of feeding

61
Q

Fermentation of feed in caecum of horse is for

A

36 to 48 hours

62
Q

Caecum of 25 to 35 L has how many valves

63
Q

Caecum of 25 to 35 L has how many valves

64
Q

Via Ist valve of caecum

A

Ileum enters

65
Q

Via Ist valve of caecum

A

Ileum enters

66
Q

2nd valve in caecum of horse leads to

67
Q

When motility and capacity of caecum increases and why

A

During feeding it increases to optimise the interaction between bacteria and ingesta

68
Q

pH of caecum and colon is

69
Q

pH of caecum and colon is

70
Q

pH = 6 in colon is optimal for

A

Anaerobic bacteria , fungi and Protozoa

They degrade hemicellulose and pectins

71
Q

Cellulose is fermented and vitamin B and K are synthesised in which part of horse

72
Q

Excess quantity feed with high starch in hindgut favours

A

Growth of amylolytic bacteria

73
Q

What happens due to growth of amylolytic bacteria

A

Increase in VFAs , lactic acid production leading to decrease in pH

74
Q

Effect of accumulation of lactic acid

A

Damage to intestinal mucosa
Increased permeability to toxins
Development of laminitis

75
Q

Decrease in ph of hindgut of horse below 6 leads to

A

Colic and anorexia

76
Q

Growth of which microorganisms decreases when ph drops below 6 in horses

A

Fiber fermenting microbes

Ruminococcus albus
Fibrobacter succinogenes

77
Q

On decrease in ph below 6 number of which microbes increases

A

Acidophiles number increases

Streptococcus bovis
Lactobacillus species
Mitzuokella species

78
Q

Decrease in ph of hindgut in horse leads to

A

Acidosis and development to colic and anorexia

79
Q

Drop in ph below 5.8 for extended period in hindgut of horse cause

A

Damage to epithelial lining and less absorption

80
Q

What happens if carbohydrate content in feed of horse is too low

A

Non lactic acid bacteria will dominate
Ph increases
VFAs and CO2 are produced

81
Q

Caecum of foal becomes fully functional until it is about

A

15 to 24 months old

82
Q

Caecum of foal becomes fully functional until it is about

A

15 to 24 months old

83
Q

Starch in fundic region horses stomach is converted to lactic acid by which bacteria

A

Lactobacilli
Streptococci

84
Q

Residual carbohydrates are fermented in

A

Hindgut of horse

85
Q

Lactic acid is is not well absorbed in which part of horses digestive tract

A

Small intestine.

86
Q

Lactic acid from small intestine to hindgut of horse is fermented to

A

Propionate

87
Q

Normal blood glucose level of horse

A

4.4 to 4.7 milli mole per liters

88
Q

Excessive starch in feed of horse increases blood glucose level from

A

4.4-4.7 to more than 6.5 mol/l after 2 hours of feeding

89
Q

Excessive starch in feed of horse increases blood glucose level from

A

4.4-4.7 to more than 6.5 mol/l after 2 hours of feeding

90
Q

Critical capacity for hydrolysable carbohydrate overload in horse ranges from

A

0.2% to 0.4 %

91
Q

Starch intake in horse should be limited to

A

1 to 1.5 grams per kg of body weight per day

92
Q

Colic can occur if blood glucose concentrations are greater than

A

200 mg per decilitre

93
Q

Cellulose in hindgut is fermented to which VFAs by bacteria

A

Acetate
Butyrate
Propionate

94
Q

Cellulose in hindgut is fermented to which VFAs by bacteria

A

Acetate
Butyrate
Propionate

95
Q

Amount of VFAs produced by horses per kg of body weight

96
Q

What harm does unabsorbed levels of VFA cause

A

Decrease ph in lower intestine
Decrease growth of fibrolytic microbes eg Salmonella sp and Ecoli

97
Q

What type of horse can digest the lactose

A

Young horse within the age of 3 years

98
Q

Horses older than 3 years posses what type of lactase activity

A

Limited lactase activity

99
Q

Horse is how much efficient as ruminants in digestion of hay

A

Only 2/3 efficient as ruminants in digestion of hay

100
Q

Horse posses better digestion of what type of forage

A

High quality forage

101
Q

Horse is close to ruminants in digestion of

A

High quality Lucerne hay

102
Q

VFAs in horse are produced in

A

Caecum of horse due to microbial action

103
Q

How much energy need of horse is satisfied by VFAs

A

One fourth ie 25%

104
Q

What happens to VFAs production with high grain diet

A

Total VFA concentration decreases
% of acetic acid decrease

But levels of propionic , isovalericand Valerie acid increase

105
Q

Glucose derived from which carbohydrate enters to portal vein

A

Non structural carbohydrates like in forages grains etc

106
Q

VFAs produced in caecum from which type of carbohydrate and are absorbed in hindgut of horse

A

Structural carbohydrates

107
Q

Plasma glucose concentration in horse is in between

A

Ruminants and simple stomach omnivores

108
Q

Plasma glucose concentration in horse is in between

A

Ruminants and simple stomach omnivores

Horse (1 decks)

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