Chapter 1

Question 1

Leeuwenhoek’s observations of _________ introduced most types of microorganisms to the world.

Answer 1

microbes

Question 2

His discoveries were named and classified by Linnaeus in his taxonomic system

Answer 2

Leeuwenhoek

Question 3

Small prokaryotes that live in a variety of communities and in most habitats. Even though some cause disease, most are beneficial.

Answer 3

bacteria and archaea

Question 4

Relatively large microscopic eukaryotic fungi

Answer 4

molds and yeasts

Question 5

Animal-like _______ are single-celled eukaryotes. Some cause disease.

Answer 5

protozoa

Question 6

Plantlike eukaryotic _________ are important providers of oxygen, serve as food for many marine animals, and make chemicals used in microbiological growth media.

Answer 6

algae

Question 7

____________, the largest organisms studied by microbiologists, are often visible without a microscope, although their immature stages are microscopic.

Answer 7

Parasitic worms

Question 8

__________, the smallest microbes, are so small they can be seen only with an electron microscope.

Answer 8

Viruses

Question 9

The study of the Golden Age of Microbiology includes a look at the men who proposed or refuted the theory of ____________: Aristotle, Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur (the Father of Microbiology).

Answer 9

spontaneous generation

Question 10

The ___________ that emerged then remains the accepted sequence of study today.

Answer 10

scientific method

Question 11

The study of ______________ by Pasteur and Buchner led to the discovery of anaerobic bacteria, to the fields of industrial microbiology (biotechnology) and biochemistry, and to the study of metabolism.

Answer 11

fermentation

Question 12

Koch, Pasteur, and others proved that pathogens cause infectious diseases, an idea that is known as the ____________________.

Answer 12

germ theory of disease

Question 13

is the study of the causation of diseases

Answer 13

Etiology

Question 14

_____________, the logical steps he followed to prove the cause of an infectious disease, remain an important part of microbiology today.

Answer 14

Koch’s postulates

Question 15

The procedure for the __________ was developed in the 1880s and is still used to differentiate bacteria into two categories: Gram positive and Gram negative.

Answer 15

Gram stain

Question 16

The investigations of __________, ________, _____________, and _____ are the foundations on which infection control, including control of healthcare-associated infections (HAI), or nosocomial infections, and epidemiology are built.

Answer 16

Semmelweis, Lister, Nightingale, and Snow

Question 17

Jenner’s use of a cowpox-based vaccine for preventing smallpox began the field of ____________. Pasteur significantly advanced the field.

Answer 17

immunology

Question 18

Ehrlich’s search for “____________” - chemicals that differentially kill microorganisms-laid the foundations for the field of chemotherapy.

Answer 18

“magic bullets”

Question 19

Microbiology in the modern age has focused on answering questions regarding _____________-, which is the study of metabolism;

Answer 19

biochemistry

Question 20

Microbiology in the modern age has focused on answering questions regarding _____________, which is the study of inheritance in microorganisms; and molecular biology, which involves investigations of cell function at the molecular level.

Answer 20

microbial genetics

Question 21

Scientists have applied knowledge from basic research to answer questions in _____________________ and __________________.

Answer 21

recombinant DNA technology and gene therapy

Question 22

The study of microorganisms in their natural environment is ___________________-.

Answer 22

environmental microbiology

Question 23

The discovery of chemicals in the blood that are active against specific pathogens advanced immunology and began the field of ___________.

Answer 23

serology

Question 24

Advancements in _____________ were made in the 1900s with the discovery of numerous substances, such as penicillin and sulfa drugs, that inhibit pathogens.

Answer 24

chemotherapy