Chapter 1 Flashcards
Leeuwenhoek’s observations of _________ introduced most types of microorganisms to the world.
microbes
His discoveries were named and classified by Linnaeus in his taxonomic system
Leeuwenhoek
Small prokaryotes that live in a variety of communities and in most habitats. Even though some cause disease, most are beneficial.
bacteria and archaea
Relatively large microscopic eukaryotic fungi
molds and yeasts
Animal-like _______ are single-celled eukaryotes. Some cause disease.
protozoa
Plantlike eukaryotic _________ are important providers of oxygen, serve as food for many marine animals, and make chemicals used in microbiological growth media.
algae
____________, the largest organisms studied by microbiologists, are often visible without a microscope, although their immature stages are microscopic.
Parasitic worms
__________, the smallest microbes, are so small they can be seen only with an electron microscope.
Viruses
The study of the Golden Age of Microbiology includes a look at the men who proposed or refuted the theory of ____________: Aristotle, Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur (the Father of Microbiology).
spontaneous generation
The ___________ that emerged then remains the accepted sequence of study today.
scientific method
The study of ______________ by Pasteur and Buchner led to the discovery of anaerobic bacteria, to the fields of industrial microbiology (biotechnology) and biochemistry, and to the study of metabolism.
fermentation
Koch, Pasteur, and others proved that pathogens cause infectious diseases, an idea that is known as the ____________________.
germ theory of disease
is the study of the causation of diseases
Etiology
_____________, the logical steps he followed to prove the cause of an infectious disease, remain an important part of microbiology today.
Koch’s postulates
The procedure for the __________ was developed in the 1880s and is still used to differentiate bacteria into two categories: Gram positive and Gram negative.
Gram stain
The investigations of __________, ________, _____________, and _____ are the foundations on which infection control, including control of healthcare-associated infections (HAI), or nosocomial infections, and epidemiology are built.
Semmelweis, Lister, Nightingale, and Snow
Jenner’s use of a cowpox-based vaccine for preventing smallpox began the field of ____________. Pasteur significantly advanced the field.
immunology
Ehrlich’s search for “____________” - chemicals that differentially kill microorganisms-laid the foundations for the field of chemotherapy.
“magic bullets”
Microbiology in the modern age has focused on answering questions regarding _____________-, which is the study of metabolism;
biochemistry
Microbiology in the modern age has focused on answering questions regarding _____________, which is the study of inheritance in microorganisms; and molecular biology, which involves investigations of cell function at the molecular level.
microbial genetics
Scientists have applied knowledge from basic research to answer questions in _____________________ and __________________.
recombinant DNA technology and gene therapy
The study of microorganisms in their natural environment is ___________________-.
environmental microbiology
The discovery of chemicals in the blood that are active against specific pathogens advanced immunology and began the field of ___________.
serology
Advancements in _____________ were made in the 1900s with the discovery of numerous substances, such as penicillin and sulfa drugs, that inhibit pathogens.
chemotherapy
