Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is a tissue?
a tissue is a group of similar cells having the same origin and performing a specific function
what is histology? who introduced the term?
Histology is the study of tissues.
The term was introduced by Mayer.
Who first used the term tissue for animals
Bichat
State the origin of each of the types of tissues in humans.
Epithelial tissue - Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
Muscular Tissue - Mesoderm
Connective Tissue - Mesoderm
Neural Tissue - Ectoderm
Who introduced the term epithelium?
Ruysch
The basement membrane is _____ and is made up of _____.
acellular, secretions
Tissues first evolved in ____.
Phylum Cnidaria/ Coelentrata
The basal lamina is secreted by _____. It consists of _____ and _____.
epithelial cells, mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins
The fibrous lamina is also called _____. It is secreted by ____ and contains ____ for strength.
reticular lamina, connective tissue, reticular fibres
what are microvilli? what is their function?
Microvilli are finger-like extensions of the cytoplasm.
Function: increasing the surface area of the cell for absorption.
State 5 locations of simple squamous epithelium.
Outer cover of organs- Peritoneum
Covering of body cavity- Mesothelium
Lining of alveoli- Pneumocytes/ Alveolar cells
Inner lining of blood vessels- Endothelium
Lining of Bowman’s capsule
What are two other names for simple squamous epithelium and why?
Pavement epithelium - cells are flattened and tile-like
Tessellated epithelium - cells have irregular boundaries
State 4 locations of simple cuboidal epithelium.
Thyroid follicles
Lining of testes and ovaries
Lining of ducts of glands
Lining of tubular parts of nephron- especially the PCT
state the location of columnar epithelium.
Inner lining of stomach and intestine
Goblet cells - upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinogenital tract
What is the main function of ciliated epithelium?
Movement of particles or mucus in a specific direction
State the location of ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
Smaller bronchioles
State the location of ciliated columnar epithelium.
Larger bronchioles
Fallopian tubes
Vasa efferentia
Ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
State the location of pseudostratified epithelium (ciliated and non-ciliated)
Ciliated - trachea and bronchi
Non-ciliated - lining of larger ducts of glands and in male urethra
What is an apocrine gland? Give an example.
An apocrine gland is one in which the apical portion of cytoplasm is shed along with the secretion.
E.g. mammary glands
What is a holocrine gland? Give an example.
A holocrine gland is one in which the whole cell is shed along with the secretory product.
E.g. sebaceous glands
name the cells in the deepest layer of:
i)stratified epithelium
ii)transitional epithelium
i)columnar or cuboidal cells
ii) cuboidal cells
Which is the most abundant tissue in the body of animals?
Connective tissue
____ tissue forms the framework of epithelium.
Areolar
What is the consistency of the matrix in areolar tissue? What is its matrix made of?
Consistency: semi fluid
The matrix is made up of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins
What is the function of areolar tissue? Where is it found?
functions: joins skin to muscles, support and packing, fills spaces inside organs, helps in repair of tissues after an injury.
location: beneath the skin, around muscles, blood vessels and nerves
Where is adipose tissue found? What are its functions?
It is found beneath the skin, around the heart, kidneys, eyeballs
functions: fat reservoir, shock absorbing cushion, insulator- reduces heat loss
What is a sprain caused by?
excessive pulling/stretching of ligaments
State the function of:
a) Macula adherens
b) Zonula occludens
c) Gap junction
a) performs cementing to hold neighbouring cells together
b) prevents substances from leaking across tissue
c) facilitates communication between cells for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and sometimes big molecules
Name the flexible dense regular connective tissue and state its composition and function.
Ligament
composition: elastic, contains collagen and elastin fibres
function: attaches bone to bone
State the locations of:
i) Hyaline cartilage
ii) White fibrocartilage
iii) Elastic cartilage
i) Nasal septum, joint of ribs and sternum, larynx, incomplete C shaped rings of trachea and bronchi
ii) Intervertebral discs
iii) Nose tip, ear pinna, eustachian tube, epiglottis
Growth of cartilage is ____ and growth of bone is ____.
unidirectional, bidirectional
Name the components of matrix in bone.
Salts- calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate
Protein- ossein
collagen fibres
What are canaliculi?
They are the extensions of lacunae in the bone, to accomodate the processes of osteocytes
Name the fatty tissue present in the cavity of long bones of mammals. State its types and their functions.
Bone marrow
Red bone marrow- production of blood cells
Yellow bone marrow- storage of fat
