Chapter 1

Question 1

What is a tissue?

Answer 1

a tissue is a group of similar cells having the same origin and performing a specific function

Question 2

what is histology? who introduced the term?

Answer 2

Histology is the study of tissues.
The term was introduced by Mayer.

Question 3

Who first used the term tissue for animals

Answer 3

Bichat

Question 4

State the origin of each of the types of tissues in humans.

Answer 4

Epithelial tissue - Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
Muscular Tissue - Mesoderm
Connective Tissue - Mesoderm
Neural Tissue - Ectoderm

Question 5

Who introduced the term epithelium?

Answer 5

Ruysch

Question 6

The basement membrane is _____ and is made up of _____.

Answer 6

acellular, secretions

Question 7

Tissues first evolved in ____.

Answer 7

Phylum Cnidaria/ Coelentrata

Question 8

The basal lamina is secreted by _____. It consists of _____ and _____.

Answer 8

epithelial cells, mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins

Question 9

The fibrous lamina is also called _____. It is secreted by ____ and contains ____ for strength.

Answer 9

reticular lamina, connective tissue, reticular fibres

Question 10

what are microvilli? what is their function?

Answer 10

Microvilli are finger-like extensions of the cytoplasm.
Function: increasing the surface area of the cell for absorption.

Question 11

State 5 locations of simple squamous epithelium.

Answer 11

Outer cover of organs- Peritoneum
Covering of body cavity- Mesothelium
Lining of alveoli- Pneumocytes/ Alveolar cells
Inner lining of blood vessels- Endothelium
Lining of Bowman’s capsule

Question 12

What are two other names for simple squamous epithelium and why?

Answer 12

Pavement epithelium - cells are flattened and tile-like
Tessellated epithelium - cells have irregular boundaries

Question 13

State 4 locations of simple cuboidal epithelium.

Answer 13

Thyroid follicles
Lining of testes and ovaries
Lining of ducts of glands
Lining of tubular parts of nephron- especially the PCT

Question 14

state the location of columnar epithelium.

Answer 14

Inner lining of stomach and intestine

Goblet cells - upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinogenital tract

Question 15

What is the main function of ciliated epithelium?

Answer 15

Movement of particles or mucus in a specific direction

Question 16

State the location of ciliated cuboidal epithelium.

Answer 16

Smaller bronchioles

Question 17

State the location of ciliated columnar epithelium.

Answer 17

Larger bronchioles
Fallopian tubes
Vasa efferentia
Ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

Question 18

State the location of pseudostratified epithelium (ciliated and non-ciliated)

Answer 18

Ciliated - trachea and bronchi
Non-ciliated - lining of larger ducts of glands and in male urethra

Question 19

What is an apocrine gland? Give an example.

Answer 19

An apocrine gland is one in which the apical portion of cytoplasm is shed along with the secretion.
E.g. mammary glands

Question 20

What is a holocrine gland? Give an example.

Answer 20

A holocrine gland is one in which the whole cell is shed along with the secretory product.
E.g. sebaceous glands

Question 21

name the cells in the deepest layer of:
i)stratified epithelium
ii)transitional epithelium

Answer 21

i)columnar or cuboidal cells
ii) cuboidal cells

Question 22

Which is the most abundant tissue in the body of animals?

Answer 22

Connective tissue

Question 23

____ tissue forms the framework of epithelium.

Answer 23

Areolar

Question 24

What is the consistency of the matrix in areolar tissue? What is its matrix made of?

Answer 24

Consistency: semi fluid
The matrix is made up of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins

Question 25

What is the function of areolar tissue? Where is it found?

Answer 25

functions: joins skin to muscles, support and packing, fills spaces inside organs, helps in repair of tissues after an injury.

location: beneath the skin, around muscles, blood vessels and nerves

Question 26

Where is adipose tissue found? What are its functions?

Answer 26

It is found beneath the skin, around the heart, kidneys, eyeballs

functions: fat reservoir, shock absorbing cushion, insulator- reduces heat loss

Question 27

What is a sprain caused by?

Answer 27

excessive pulling/stretching of ligaments

Question 28

State the function of:
a) Macula adherens
b) Zonula occludens
c) Gap junction

Answer 28

a) performs cementing to hold neighbouring cells together

b) prevents substances from leaking across tissue

c) facilitates communication between cells for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and sometimes big molecules

Question 29

Name the flexible dense regular connective tissue and state its composition and function.

Answer 29

Ligament
composition: elastic, contains collagen and elastin fibres
function: attaches bone to bone

Question 30

State the locations of:
i) Hyaline cartilage
ii) White fibrocartilage
iii) Elastic cartilage

Answer 30

i) Nasal septum, joint of ribs and sternum, larynx, incomplete C shaped rings of trachea and bronchi
ii) Intervertebral discs
iii) Nose tip, ear pinna, eustachian tube, epiglottis

Question 31

Growth of cartilage is ____ and growth of bone is ____.

Answer 31

unidirectional, bidirectional

Question 32

Name the components of matrix in bone.

Answer 32

Salts- calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate
Protein- ossein
collagen fibres

Question 33

What are canaliculi?

Answer 33

They are the extensions of lacunae in the bone, to accomodate the processes of osteocytes

Question 34

Name the fatty tissue present in the cavity of long bones of mammals. State its types and their functions.

Answer 34

Bone marrow
Red bone marrow- production of blood cells
Yellow bone marrow- storage of fat