Chapter 1 Flashcards
Thinking critically with Psychological Science
What is an evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation?
The Empirical Approach
What is critical thinking?
Examines evidence, Appraises sources, Discerns Bias,Evaluates Evidence, Assesses Conclusions
What was psychology’s first laboratory?
Wilhelm Wundt, Atoms of the mind
What was psychology’s first school of thought?
Edwards Bradford Titchener - Structuralism
William James - Functionalism/ stream of counsiousness thinking
What is a scientific attitude?
Having skepticism without cynicism and having an open mind verses being gullible
What are the three key elements of having a scientific attitude?
Curiosity, Skepticism, Humility
Explain Titchener’s Structuralism
Introspection is used to search for the mind’s structural elements.
Explain James’s Functionalism
To go beyond inner thoughts and feelings and consider their evolved functions.
Who wrote the principles of psychology in 1890?
William James
Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?
Student of William James who became the first woman president of the American Psychology Association
Who was Margaret Floy Washburn?
First woman to receive a psychology PHD
What is the scientific method?
standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing predictions, and interpreting results
What is correlation?
A measure of the extent to which two events vary together and thus of how well either one predicts the other
What is a random assignment?
assigning participants to experimental control groups by chance, thus minimizing the difference between the groups
Who is John B Watson?
worked with Rosalie Rayner and championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior
Who wrote the animal mind?
Margaret Floy Washburn
What are the four big ideas to pscyhology?
the biophysical approach, the two-track mind, critical thinking, and exploring human rights
What is beahiorism?
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
What did B.F Skinner study?
He rejected the idea of studying inner thoughts and feelings; and studied how consequences shape behavior
What was Freud’s psychoanalytical psychology?
emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior.
What are humanistic pscyhologist?
A historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential
What did Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow study?
Focused on growth potential, our needs for love and acceptance, and how our environments limit or nurtures personal growth
What is cognitive psychology?
the study of mental processing such as receiving, learning, thinking, memory, communicating, and solving problems.
What is cognitive neuroscience?
the interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition (perception, thinking, memory and language)
What is psychology?
the science of behavior and mental processes
What did Plato assume?
Plato assumed that we inherited character and intelligence and that certain ideas are inborn.
What was the view of Aristotle?
Aristotle assumed nothing in the mind that doesn’t come from external world experiences.
What is Charles Darwin’s belief?
Natural selection -the principle that inherits traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to the suceeding generation
What is evolutionary psychology?
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection.
What is behavior genetics?
the study of relative power and the limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior
What is neuroplasticity?
the brain’s enormous capacity to learn and adapt
what is epigenetics?
how experience can influence genetic expression
What is positive psychology?
The belief that happiness is a byproduct of a please, engaged and meaningful life.
The biopsychosocial approach integrates what three levels of analysis?
The biological, psychological and the social-cultural.
