Chapter 1 Flashcards
Describe the arrangement, and movement of the 3 states of matter.
Solid (Arrangement) - The particles in this matter are tightly packed together, closely, and in neat rows.
(movement) - The particles in a solid do not move around, but they vibrate in a fixed position.
Liquid (arrangement) - The particles are randomly spaced, mostly touching.
(movement) - These particles slide over each other, and collide with each other more rapidly for having small space.
Gas (arrangement) - The particles are spread out, with low interaction between them.
(movement) - They move at a very high speed, randomly and in different directions.
How to know if an object is metal or non-metal? (b.pt)
If an object is a metal, it has high MELTING and BOILING points, except for mercury, as the bonds between them are strong.
2 Facts on pure and impure substances.
. The more impurity an object has, the lesser the freezing/melting point it has, and it increases the boiling point.
. Pure elements and compounds have specific melting and boiling points, whereas impure substances do not.
.
Name the changes of state.
Melting, Boiling, Condensing and Solidifying.
What is the difference between evaporating and boiling?
Evaporation occurs on the surface when the bond of some water molecules is forced to break due to heat, and escape through and form a gas. Boiling is when liquid water goes from liquid STRAIGHT to gas.
What’s the word for ‘the change of solid straight to gas’?
AND
‘the change of gas straight to a solid’?
. Sublimation (Solid to Gas)
. Deposition (Gas to Solid)
State the different ways of separating mixtures.
. Simple distillation - Used to separate a liquid or solvent from a solution.
. Fractional distillation - Used to separate
miscible liquids.
. Separating funnel - Used to separate immiscible liquids with different densities.
. Evaporation - Used to separate a solute from a soluble solution.
. Filtration - Used to separate an insoluble solute from an solution.
. Crystallization- Same as Evaporation, but reducing the temperature of the soluble solution until the solute appears, then filtering it.
. Centrifuging (optional) - Used to separate small amounts of suspension in a liquid.
. Chromatography - Used to separate mixtures of different dyes or inks.
What is known as the ‘residue’ and ‘filtrate’?
A residue is the solid which remains after filtering.
A filtrate is the clear liquid obtained after filtration.
State the word for ‘The maximum amount of solute dissolved in 100g of water at a given temperature.’
Solubility.
How would you separate two solids?
- By dissolving one of them. For example, to separate the mixture of sand and sugar, add water to it. The sugar then dissolves in the water. To obtain the sand, filter the mixture. Then to get the salt, evaporate the solution.
- But to dissolve salt and sugar, water can’t be used as both of them will dissolve. Instead, Ethanol can be used, as it dissolves the sugar, but not the salt.
