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psych exam 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Empirical Approach

A

An evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation

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2
Q

Critical thinking

A

Thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assess conclusions

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3
Q

Structuralism

A

An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

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4
Q

Functionalism

A

An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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5
Q

Behaviorism

A

1)psychology should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental process. Most today agree with 1 but not 2.

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6
Q

Humanistic Psychologists

A

Emphasized human growth potential

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7
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

The study of mental processes involved in perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, communicating, and solving problems

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8
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating)

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9
Q

Psychology

A

The science of behavior and mental processes

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10
Q

Nature-nurture issue

A

Controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits Anna behaviors. Todays- traits and behaviors from interaction of nature and nurture

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11
Q

Natural Selection

A

Inhibited traits that help organism to survive pass down to generations

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12
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Study of evolution of behavior and mind, principles of natural selection

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13
Q

Behavior genetics

A

Study of relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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14
Q

Culture

A

Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, traditions shared by a group of people and passed down through generations

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15
Q

Positive psychology

A

Study of human flourishing, with goals of discovering and promoting strength and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

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16
Q

Biopsychsocial Approach

A

Integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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17
Q

Levels of analysis

A

Differing complimentary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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18
Q

Basic research

A

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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19
Q

Applied research

A

, scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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20
Q

Counseling Psychologists

A

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being

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21
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats ppl w/ psychological disorders

22
Q

Psychiatrists

A

Branch of medicine dealing withpsychological disorders; practiced by physicians who provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

23
Q

Community psychologists

A

Studies how ppl interact with social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and group

24
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it “i- knew - it - all - along” phenomenon

25
Q

Peer Reviews

A

Scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy

26
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

27
Q

Hypotheses

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

28
Q

Operational definitions

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. For example, human intelligence- what an intelligence test measures

29
Q

Replicate

A

Repeating the essence of research study, usually with different participants, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

30
Q

Preregistration

A

Publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analysis.

31
Q

Meta-analysis

A

A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.

32
Q

Case study

A

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

33
Q

Naturalistic observations

A

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

34
Q

Random samples

A

sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

35
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied, from which random samples may be drawn (however, National does not refer to country whole population)

36
Q

Correlates

A

Measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

37
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (-1 to +1)

38
Q

Experiment

A

.investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe effect on some behavior or mental process

39
Q

Experimental group

A

Group exposed to the treatment

40
Q

Control group

A

Not exposed to the treatment

41
Q

Randomly assign

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance

42
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

‘both participant and research staff are ignorant of whether participant has received the treatment or placebo

43
Q

Placebo effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations only

44
Q

Independent variable

A

Factor that is manipulated

45
Q

Confounding variables

A

Factor other than factor being studied

46
Q

Dependent variable

A

Outcome that is measured

47
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants are informed and are given option of whether to participate or not

48
Q

Debrief

A

Post-experimental explanation of study

49
Q

Testing effect

A

Not simply rereading ¡retrieval practice

50
Q

SQ3R

A

Survey, question, read, retrieve, review

psych exam 1 (2 decks)

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