Chapter 1 Flashcards
is the study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the
chemical interactions of these substances with each other.
Biochemistry
Characteristics of living things
Different levels of organization
Made up of cells
Responds to the environment
Grow and develop
Obtain and uses energy
Reproduce
is the study of the three‐dimensional structure of molecules
Stereochemistry
Types of isomers
Stereoisomer
Constitutional isomers
Types of stereoisomer
Achiral
Chiral
Types of chiral
Enantiomers
Diastereomers
Have the same molecular formula but different connectivity
Constitutional isomers
A _____ object is one that cannot be superposed on its mirror image
Chiral
Are stereoisomer whose molecules are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other
Enantiomers
Are stereoisomer whose molecules are not mirror images of each other
Diastereomers
An _____ is superposable on its mirror images
Achiral molecule
3 broad categories of living cells
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
are single-celled organisms that lack
nuclei and other organelles; the word is derived from pro meaning
“prior to” and karyot meaning “nucleus
Prokaryotes
referred to collectively as prokaryotes.
Bacteria
Archaea
the single-celled Protists,
such as amoebae, and all multicellular life forms, including the
Fungi, Plant, and Animal kingdoms
Eukarya
are the result of induced electrical interactions between closely
approaching atoms or molecules as their negatively charged electron clouds fluctuate
instantaneously in time
Van der Waals interactions
are formed between
a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to
an electronegative atom (such as oxygen
or nitrogen) and a second
electronegative atom that serves as the
hydrogen bond acceptor
Hydrogen bond
are the result of
attractive forces between oppositely
charged structures, such as negative
carboxyl groups and positive amino
groups
Ionic interaction
result from the strong tendency of water to exclude
nonpolar groups or molecules
Hydrophobic interaction
A single molecule may have both polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar
(hydrophobic) portions. Substances of this type are called
Amphipatic
