Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Environmental Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA)

A

original baseline of humans from which future generations have created morphological/psychological adaptations

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2
Q

Describe ideas of Plato’s view of development

A

-nature vs nurture
-children born with innate knowledge
-discipline & self-control important (esp. for boys)

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3
Q

Describe ideas of Aristotle’s view of development

A

-tabulua rasa (blank slate)
-knowledge through experience
-values timing (>7 is out of hand)

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4
Q

Describe ideas of Rousseau’s view of development

A

-value of childhood
-importance of play

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5
Q

Describe ideas of John Watson’s view of development

A

-infants can be trained regardless of tendencies & abilities
-nurture

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6
Q

Define nature

A

biological traits of genetic inheritance (can influence physical makeup, mental health, personality, & preferences)

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7
Q

Define nurture

A

environments that influence development (womb, home, school, etc.

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8
Q

continuous development

A

changes with age occur gradually in small increments (pine tree growing)

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9
Q

discontinuous development

A

changes with age include large occasional shifts (caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly)

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10
Q

3 reasons to study child development

A

raising children, choosing social policies, & understanding human nature

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11
Q

Describe ideas of Darwin’s view of development

A

attachment to mothers, fear of natural dangers, sex differences, learning mechanisms

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12
Q

Describe ideas of Kagan’s view of development

A

-innate moral sense
-5 abilities (infer feelings of others, good vs bad, reflect on past, understand avoidable consequences, understand own & others’ motives

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13
Q

Define genome

A

set of hereditary info- influence behaviors & experiences which also influence the genome

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14
Q

define epiginetics

A

study of changes in gene expression from environmental factors

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15
Q

define methylation

A

biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene activity/expression

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16
Q

define stage theory

A

development involves a series of large, discontinuous, age-related phases

17
Q

4 reasons for individual differences

A
  1. genetic differences
  2. treatments by parents/others
  3. reactions to similar experiences (interpretations)
  4. choices of environments
18
Q

4 steps of scientific method

A
  1. choosing question
  2. formulate hypothesis
  3. develop testing method
  4. use data to draw conclusion
19
Q

define reliability

A

the degree that independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent

20
Q

define interrater reliability

A

amount of agreement in observations of different raters who witness the same behavior

21
Q

define test-retest reliability

A

degree of similarity of a participant’s performance on 2+ occasions

22
Q

define validity

A

degree that a test measures what it is designed to

23
Q

define internal validity

A

degree that observed effects can be attributed to the testing research factor

24
Q

define external validity

A

degree that results can be generalized beyond particulars of research in question

25
Q

define structured interviews

A

all participants asked to answer same questions

26
Q

define questionnaires

A

gather info from large number of participants by presenting them uniform set of printed questions

27
Q

clinical interview

A

procedure where questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides (follow child’s lead)

28
Q

define naturalistic observation

A

examination of behavior in a non-controlled environment

29
Q

define structured observation

A

presenting identical situations to each participant & recording behavior

30
Q

benefits / disadvantages of interview/questionnaire

A

advantages: subjective, inexpensive, flexibility
disadvantages: bias, incomplete/inaccurate memory, prediction can be inaccurate

31
Q

benefits / disadvantages of naturalistic observation

A

advantages: behavior in everyday settings, illuminate social interaction
disadvantages: difficult to know influential aspects, limited for studying infrequent behaviors

32
Q

benefits / disadvantages of structured observation

A

advantages: all behaviors observed in same context, controlled comparison
disadvantages: less natural & subjective

33
Q

define correlation

A

studies to show relation between two variables

34
Q

define correlation

A

association between two variables

35
Q

define direction of causation problem

A

a correlation does not indicate which variable is the cause of the other

36
Q
A