Chapter 1 Flashcards
Describe the Type of Joint: Fibrous
Virtually no movement (EX: sutures of the skull)
Describe the Type of Joint: Cartilaginous
Allow limited movement (EX: Intervertebral
Describe the Type of Joint: Synovial
Allow considerable movement (EX: Elbows and knees)
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and synovial
What are the 3 types of joints based on number of axis?
Uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial
Describe the type of joint: Uniaxial
Acts as a hinge, rotates around 1 axis (EX: Elbow)
Describe the type of Joint: Biaxial
operates in two perpendicular axes (EX: ankle and wrist)
Describe the type of joint: Multiaxial
allow movement in all three axes (EX: Shoulder)
Vertebral Column
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5 (fused)
Coccygeal: 3-5
Layers of the Muscle
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Breakdown the Macro and micro structure of a muscle
Muscle Belly –> fasciculus –> muscle fiber –> myofibril –> myofilament –> actin and myosin
Motor Unit
Motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates
H-Zone
Shorten or lengthen according the muscle contraction
Z-Line
Shortens with contraction
A-Band
The length of the myosin
I-Band
Shorten or lengthen according the muscle contraction. The space between each myosin
Where is calcium stored?
SR releases calcium into myofibril after the discharge of an action potential
What is the sliding filament theory?
The actin filaments slide inward toward myosin filaments, pulling the z-lines, and shortening the muscle fiber
Acetylcholine
Released at the nerve terminal following an action potential.
Activation of muscle key point:
How does the size of MU vary depending on the type of muscle
Large, forceful vs small, preciese
The extent of control of muscle contraction is determined by the number of muscle fibers within each MU. Muscles where precision is needed: as little as 1 fiber per MU
Muscles that require less precision: several hundred fibers per MU
Describe Twitch, twitch summation, and tetanus of a MU
MU recruitment patterns and force output
Two ways
1. Number of the MUs activated
2. Frequency of activation of MU
Proprioceptors? What are they? What are the two types?
Special type of sensory receptors the sense tension and stretch.
Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organ
Describe muscle spindles
Located in the muscle. Sense increased stretch with the intrafusal fibers. Sends a signal to the spinal cord. Motor neuron is sent back to the extrafusal fibers where they are activated and contract.
Describe Golgi Tendon Organ
Located in the tendon at the bone periosteum. Heavy loads discharge GTO. The sensory neuron of the GTO activates an inhibitory interneuron in the spinal cord. Then synapses with and inhibits a motor neuron. Sends signal back to the spinal cord.
Flow of blood
From body –> Superior and inferior vena cava –> right atrium –> tricuspid valce –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> bicuspid (mitral) valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta –>body
Conduction system
-Sinoatrial (SA) Node: body’s natural pacemakers
-Atrioventricular (AV) node: delays contraction of ventricle to allow proper filling
-AV bundles
-left and right bundle branches
-purkinjie fibers
Cardiac Conduction
Controlled by the PNS or SNS
- tachycardia: HR >100 bpm
-bradycardia: HR <60 bpm
Describe the electrocardiogram
- P-wave: Depolarization (contraction) of the atrium
- QRS- complex: Depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atrium
- T-wave: repolarization of the ventricles
Hemoglobin
Transports oxygen
Pleural pressure
The pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and chest wall pleura
Alveolar pressure
Pressure in the alveoli.
No air exchange: Pressure = to atmospheric pressure
inhale: Pressure less than atmospheric pressure
Exhale: Pressure more than atmospheric pressure
