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CSCS Study Guide > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Type of Joint: Fibrous

A

Virtually no movement (EX: sutures of the skull)

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2
Q

Describe the Type of Joint: Cartilaginous

A

Allow limited movement (EX: Intervertebral

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3
Q

Describe the Type of Joint: Synovial

A

Allow considerable movement (EX: Elbows and knees)

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and synovial

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of joints based on number of axis?

A

Uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial

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6
Q

Describe the type of joint: Uniaxial

A

Acts as a hinge, rotates around 1 axis (EX: Elbow)

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7
Q

Describe the type of Joint: Biaxial

A

operates in two perpendicular axes (EX: ankle and wrist)

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8
Q

Describe the type of joint: Multiaxial

A

allow movement in all three axes (EX: Shoulder)

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9
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5 (fused)
Coccygeal: 3-5

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10
Q

Layers of the Muscle

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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11
Q

Breakdown the Macro and micro structure of a muscle

A

Muscle Belly –> fasciculus –> muscle fiber –> myofibril –> myofilament –> actin and myosin

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12
Q

Motor Unit

A

Motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

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13
Q

H-Zone

A

Shorten or lengthen according the muscle contraction

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14
Q

Z-Line

A

Shortens with contraction

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15
Q

A-Band

A

The length of the myosin

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16
Q

I-Band

A

Shorten or lengthen according the muscle contraction. The space between each myosin

17
Q

Where is calcium stored?

A

SR releases calcium into myofibril after the discharge of an action potential

18
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

The actin filaments slide inward toward myosin filaments, pulling the z-lines, and shortening the muscle fiber

19
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Released at the nerve terminal following an action potential.

20
Q

Activation of muscle key point:
How does the size of MU vary depending on the type of muscle

Large, forceful vs small, preciese

A

The extent of control of muscle contraction is determined by the number of muscle fibers within each MU. Muscles where precision is needed: as little as 1 fiber per MU
Muscles that require less precision: several hundred fibers per MU

21
Q

Describe Twitch, twitch summation, and tetanus of a MU

A
22
Q

MU recruitment patterns and force output

A

Two ways
1. Number of the MUs activated
2. Frequency of activation of MU

23
Q

Proprioceptors? What are they? What are the two types?

A

Special type of sensory receptors the sense tension and stretch.
Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organ

24
Q

Describe muscle spindles

A

Located in the muscle. Sense increased stretch with the intrafusal fibers. Sends a signal to the spinal cord. Motor neuron is sent back to the extrafusal fibers where they are activated and contract.

25
Q

Describe Golgi Tendon Organ

A

Located in the tendon at the bone periosteum. Heavy loads discharge GTO. The sensory neuron of the GTO activates an inhibitory interneuron in the spinal cord. Then synapses with and inhibits a motor neuron. Sends signal back to the spinal cord.

26
Q

Flow of blood

A

From body –> Superior and inferior vena cava –> right atrium –> tricuspid valce –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> bicuspid (mitral) valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta –>body

27
Q

Conduction system

A

-Sinoatrial (SA) Node: body’s natural pacemakers
-Atrioventricular (AV) node: delays contraction of ventricle to allow proper filling
-AV bundles
-left and right bundle branches
-purkinjie fibers

28
Q

Cardiac Conduction

A

Controlled by the PNS or SNS
- tachycardia: HR >100 bpm
-bradycardia: HR <60 bpm

29
Q

Describe the electrocardiogram

A
  • P-wave: Depolarization (contraction) of the atrium
  • QRS- complex: Depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atrium
  • T-wave: repolarization of the ventricles
30
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Transports oxygen

31
Q

Pleural pressure

A

The pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and chest wall pleura

32
Q

Alveolar pressure

A

Pressure in the alveoli.
No air exchange: Pressure = to atmospheric pressure
inhale: Pressure less than atmospheric pressure
Exhale: Pressure more than atmospheric pressure

CSCS Study Guide (3 decks)

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