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HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of health care wastes

A

• Diagnosis, treatment, & immunization
• Research pertaining the first item
• Research using laboratory animals geared towards improvement of human health
• Production & testing of biological products
• Other activities performed by a health care facility

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2
Q

According to WHO

A

75-90% of health care wastes are non- hazardous
• 10-25% is considered hazardous & may be infectious, toxic, radioactive

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3
Q

In the Phil, health care waste

A

30.37% are hazardous; 69.63 are general waste
• Ave of 0.34kg of infectious sharps & pathological wastes & 0.39 kg of general waste are derived per bed per day

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4
Q

are those which may contain pathogens or toxins in sufficient concentration that may cause disease to susceptible host.

A

Infectious

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5
Q

Ex: microbial cultures, used specimen containers, blood bags, clinical specimens

A

Infectious

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6
Q

refers to tissue sections & body fluids or organs derived from surgical procedures, autopsies

A

Pathological & anatomical waste

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7
Q

refer to items that can cause cuts, pricks or puncture wounds

A

Sharps

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8
Q

Most dangerous because they cause both injury & infection

A

Sharps

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9
Q

refers to discarded chemicals generated during disinfection & sterilization procedures

A

Chemical waste

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10
Q

It also includes wastes with high content of heavy metals & their derivatives

A

Chemical waste

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11
Q

Chemicals used in laboratories must have

A

chemical Safety Data Sheet
( CSDS) and identification code as Hazardous Materials Identification (HMIS)

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12
Q

OSHA hazard rating
blue, red, orange, white

A

blue
Health hazards
red
Flammability
orange
Physical hazards
white
Personal protect

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13
Q

OSHA hazard rating
0,1,2,3,4

A

0
No significant risk
1
Irritation
2
Minor injury
3
Major injury
4
Life-threatening

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14
Q

Characteristics of hazardous waste

Unstable & reacts violently when exposed to chemical change

A

Explosivity and reactivity

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15
Q

Releases toxic fumes when mixed with water

A

Explosivity and reactivity

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16
Q

Explode under extreme conditions

Capable of detonation & explosive
decomposition at standard temperature

A

Explosivity and Reactivity

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17
Q

Cause fire

A

Ignibility

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18
Q

toxicity

A

Causes health effects

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19
Q

Corrode steel waste containers & aqueous substances with pH less than 2 or more than 12.5

A

Corrosivity

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20
Q

Corrosivity

A

React with heavy metals to produce toxic contaminates

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21
Q

Also includes empty vials, medicine bottles, etc

A

Pharmaceutical waste

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22
Q

refers to expired , spilt, contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs & vaccines

A

Pharmaceutical waste

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23
Q

Usual hospital radioactive wastes are:

A

Cobalt 90 (Co90), iodine 131 I (131 I), technetium (99 Tc), iridium (192 Ir)

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24
Q

refers to wastes that have not been in contact with infectious or communicable agents, hazardous chemicals, or radioactive substances

A

Non-hazardous or general waste

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25
Q

The disposal of untreated health care wastes in landfills can lead

A

to the contamination of drinking, surface, & ground waters if those landfills are not properly constructed

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26
Q

can result in the release of chemical substances into the environment if those substances are not handled, stored, & disposed in an environmentally-sound manner

A

The treatment of health care wastes with chemical disinfectants

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27
Q

Is widely practiced, but inadequate incineration or the incineration of unsuitable materials results in the release of pollutants into the air & in the generation of ash residue

A

Incineration of waste

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28
Q

Incinerated materials with chlorine can generate

A

dioxins & furans ( carcinogens)

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29
Q

Incineration of heavy metals

A

spread of toxic metals in the environment

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30
Q

are able to comply with the international emission standards for dioxins & furans

A

Only modern Incinerators operating at 850C to 1100C & fitted with gas cleaning equipment

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31
Q

Incineration is NOT allowed in the

A

Phil

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32
Q

Alternative to incineration

A

autoclaving, microwaving & steam treatment can be given consideration

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33
Q

should never be mixed with reducing agents or organic materials

A

Oxidizers

34
Q

should not be mixed with any acids

A

Acid-reactive compounds

35
Q

should be segregated from inorganic acids

A

Organic compounds

36
Q

should not be mixed with cyanide salts or solutions

A

Acids

37
Q

Oxidizing acids cannot be stored with

A

combustible materials

38
Q

must be kept separate from water

A

Alkali metals

39
Q

Segregation of biomedical wastes
Red
Blue (puncture proof)
Yellow
Black

A

Red
Syringe
Blue (puncture- proof)
Broken glassware, sharp objects, needles, scalpels
yellow
Anatomical wastes, items with blood & body fluids, microbiological wastes
black
Chemical wastes

40
Q

Benefits achieved through strict compliance with standards on health care management

A

Protection of patients, health workers, general population from the adverse effects of health care wastes to human health

Contribution to the collaborative efforts around the world to protect the environment from pollution & contamination caused by health care wastes

41
Q

Benefits achieved through strict compliance with standards on health care management

A

Increased compliance of health care institutions to the laws, regulations & guidelines on health care wastes

Prevention of long-term liabilities & loss of reputation caused by violations to the laws, regulations & guidelines on health care wastes

42
Q

Proper handling of waste

A

• Correct Segregation
• Proper Storage
• Capping waste bottles

43
Q

LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES, GUIDELINES GOVERNING HEALTH CARE WASTES

International agreements

A

• Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the ozone layer (1987)
•Basel Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes & their Disposal (1989)
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)
• Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants(2001)

44
Q

are chemicals that (1) remain unchanged in the environment for long periods; (2) accumulate in fatty tissues of living organisms; (3) are toxic to both humans & wildlife

A

Persistent Organic Pollutants(2001)

45
Q

A core instrument that provides 9 high level protocols that set out generic standards to be put into place for the implementation of an international transit system

A

ASEAN Framework Agreement on the facilitation of Goods in Transit (1998)

46
Q

National laws
• RA 4226 “Hospital Licensure Act” (1965)

A

a) DOH AO 70-A s2002 “Revised Rules & Regulations Governing the Registration, Licensure & Operation of Hospitals & Other Health Facilities in the Philippines”

b) DOHAO2005-0029s2005“Amendmentto AO 70-A”

c) DOH AO 2007-0027 s2007 “Revised Rules & Regulations Governing the Licensure & Regulation of Clin Labs in the Phil”

47
Q

National laws
• RA 6969 “An Act to Control Substances & Hazardous & Nuclear Wastes” (1990)

A

a) DENR AO 36 s2004 “Revising DENR AO 29 s 1992, to further Strengthen the Implementation of RA 6969 & Prescribing the Use of Procedural Manual”

b) DOH-DENR joint AO 02 s2005 “Policies & Guidelines on Effective & Proper Handling, Collection, Transport, Treatment, Storage & Disposal of HCW”

c) DOH AO 2007-0014 “Guidelines on the Issuance of Certificate of Product Registration for Equipment or Devices Used for Treating Sharps, Pathological & Infectious Wastes”

48
Q

“ The Phil Clean Air Act of 1999”

A

RA 8749

49
Q

RA 9003

A

“Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000”

50
Q

“The Phil Clean Water Act of 2004”

A

RA 9275

51
Q

“ Strengthening the Functions of Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)”

A

PD 813 (1975) & EO 927 (1983)

52
Q

“The Code on sanitation of the Phil-Chapter XVII on Sewage Collection & Excreta Disposal (1998)

A

PD 856

53
Q

PD 984

A

“Providing for the Revision of RA 3931, Commonly known as the Pollution Control Law, & for other Purposes” 1976

54
Q

“Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System (1978)

A

PD 1586

55
Q

EO 301

A

“Establishing a Green Procurement Program for all Depts, Bureau offices, & Agencies of the Executive Branch of Government” 2004

56
Q

“Gradual Phase out of Mercury in all Phil Health Care Facilities & Institutions (2008)

A

DOH AO 2008-0021

57
Q

DOH AO 2008-0023

A

“National Policy on Patient Safety”

58
Q

( Revising the 2007 Health Care Waste Management Manual)
• PhilHealth Benchbook for Quality Assurance in Health care (2006)

A

DOH “Manual on Health Care Waste Management” in 2011

59
Q

BFAD Memo Circular 22s1994,

A

Inventory, proper disposal , &/or destruction of used vials or bottles”

60
Q

“Amending BFAD MC #22 (1994), Regarding inventory, proper disposal & or destruction of used vials or bottles”

A

BFAD Bureau Circular #16 s1999:

61
Q

refers to either finding a new application for a used material or using the same product for the same application repeatedly

A

Reusing

62
Q

refers to the processing of used materials into new products

A

Recycling

63
Q

• For waste which can not be removed, recycled, or recovered, they treated before disposed

A

Recovery

64
Q

as a term used to encompass 3 subsets of waste recovery: recycling, composting, & energy recovery

A

Recovery

65
Q

refers to (1) energy recovery, whereby waste is converted to fuel for generating electricity or for direct heating of premises

A

Recovery

66
Q

3 subsets of waste recovery:

A

recycling, composting, & energy recovery

67
Q

Residues could be greasy aggregates or slugs, recoverable metals, carbon black which can be disposed in land fills

A

PYROLYSIS

68
Q

Thermal decomposition of health care wastes in the absence of supplied molecular oxygen in the destruction chamber where the said waste is converted into gaseous, liquid, or solid form

A

Pyrolysis

69
Q

Indicators to check the validity of sterilization:

A

color-changing tapes or biological test ampules containing bacterial spores

70
Q

121C, pressure of 15 psi

A

For 15-30 min

71
Q

Is the use of stem sterilization to render waste harmless & is an efficient wet thermal disinfection process

A

Autoclave

72
Q

Shredding of wastes is done before disinfection

A

Microwave

73
Q

• A technology that typically incorporates some type of size reduction device.

A

Microwave

74
Q

CHEMICAL DISINFECTION is recommended

A

• 5-10% sodium hypochlorite

75
Q

• Uses an enzyme mixture to decontaminate health care wastes
• Suited for large applications & is also being developed for possible use in agriculture

A

Biological processes

76
Q

Involves the filling of containers with waste, adding & immobilizing material, & sealing the containers

A

Encapsulation

77
Q

• For pharmaceutical waste that involves the mixing of waste with cement

A

Interization

78
Q

After treatment, health care wastes are usually

A

Disposed in landfills

79
Q

before it can accept waste. It keeps waste are isolated from the environment

A

• A landfill must have permits from DENR

80
Q

Health care wastes that are properly treated can be mixed with general wastes provided that it is certified by DOH that organisms

A

are inert and cannot regenerate

HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT (1 decks)

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