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Biology 241 Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Anatomy

A

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

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2
Q

Definition of Physiology

A

The science of body functions, how the body parts work

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3
Q

What are the 6 different types of levels?

A

Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
System level
Organismal level

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4
Q

What are the 11 systems of the Human Body?

A
  1. Digestive
  2. Reproductive
  3. Respiratory
  4. Urinary
  5. Integumentary
  6. Skeletal
  7. Muscular
  8. Nervous
  9. Endocrine
  10. Cardiovascular
  11. Lymphatic/immune
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5
Q

What does the digestive system consist of?

A

Salivary gland, esophagus, mouth, pharynx, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder

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6
Q

What does the reproductive system consist of in both male and female?

A

Female: uterine tube, ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands.
Male: ducts deferens, seminal gland, prostate, penis, testis

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7
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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8
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

Hair, skin and associated glands, fingernails, toenails

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9
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A

Bone, cartilage, joint

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10
Q

What does the muscular system consist of?

A

Skeletal muscle, tendon

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11
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerve - special sense organs (eyes, ears) regulate body activities through nerve impulses

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12
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland parathyroid glands, suprarenal gland, pancreas, females; ovaries males; testis

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13
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

Blood vessels; vein, heart, arteries

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14
Q

What does the lymphatic/immune system consist of?

A

Red bone marrow, lymphatic vessel, lymph node, spleen, tonsils, thymus, thoracic duct

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15
Q

Characteristics of the living human organism: Basic life processes

A
  1. All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things
  2. Life processes in humans include:
    - Metabolism
    - Responsiveness
    - Movement
    - Growth
    - Differentiation
    - Reproduction
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16
Q

Explain homeostasis 1

A
  1. Homeostasis is a condition of - equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment
  2. Homeostasis is maintained by the body’s regulatory processes
    Examples: any change that occurs (adjustments); moving, walking, change in temperature (the “normal” human temperature is 36-37°C), difference of light
17
Q

Body fluids and Homeostasis

A
  1. The survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid
  2. This fluid is known as; extracellular fluid
18
Q

Explain Homeostasis 2

A
  • Homeostasis ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body
  • Homeostasis is a dynamic state of equilibrium
  • Homeostasis is necessary for normal body function and life
19
Q

Basic components of a feedback loop

A
  • Stimulus
  • Controlled condition
  • Receptors
  • Control center
  • Effectors
  • Response
  • Return
20
Q

Explain a Negative Feedback

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition
It is a type of self-regulating system that reduces or inhibits the output of a process

21
Q

Explain a Positive feedback loop

A

A situation where two events are mutually reinforcing

22
Q

What are body positions

A

Anatomical position is a person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are places at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor

23
Q

Anatomical terms to describe the reclining body are…

A

Prone = body lying face down
Supine = body lying face up

24
Q

Regional Names, Directional Terms, and Planes/Sections

A

Regional names are given to specific regions of the body for reference

Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another

*Note that the terms anterior and ventral mean the same thing in humans. However, in four-legged animals ventral refers to the belly side and is therefore inferior. Similarly, the terms posterior and dorsal mean the same thing in humans, but in four-legged animals dorsal refers to the back side and is therefore superior

Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body

25
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Visceral layer
Parietal layer

Serous membranes reduce friction

26
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants

A

The abdominal cavity can be divided into regions or quadrants to easily describe the location of organs

27
Q

Aging and Homeostasis

A

Aging is a normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis
It impacts all body systems
Produces structural and functional changes
Increases vulnerability to stress and disease

Biology 241 Anatomy And Physiology (16 decks)

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