Chapter 1 Flashcards
Definition of Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Definition of Physiology
The science of body functions, how the body parts work
What are the 6 different types of levels?
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
System level
Organismal level
What are the 11 systems of the Human Body?
- Digestive
- Reproductive
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic/immune
What does the digestive system consist of?
Salivary gland, esophagus, mouth, pharynx, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder
What does the reproductive system consist of in both male and female?
Female: uterine tube, ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands.
Male: ducts deferens, seminal gland, prostate, penis, testis
What does the urinary system consist of?
Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
What does the integumentary system consist of?
Hair, skin and associated glands, fingernails, toenails
What does the skeletal system consist of?
Bone, cartilage, joint
What does the muscular system consist of?
Skeletal muscle, tendon
What does the nervous system consist of?
Brain, spinal cord, nerve - special sense organs (eyes, ears) regulate body activities through nerve impulses
What does the endocrine system consist of?
Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland parathyroid glands, suprarenal gland, pancreas, females; ovaries males; testis
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
Blood vessels; vein, heart, arteries
What does the lymphatic/immune system consist of?
Red bone marrow, lymphatic vessel, lymph node, spleen, tonsils, thymus, thoracic duct
Characteristics of the living human organism: Basic life processes
- All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things
- Life processes in humans include:
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
Explain homeostasis 1
- Homeostasis is a condition of - equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment
- Homeostasis is maintained by the body’s regulatory processes
Examples: any change that occurs (adjustments); moving, walking, change in temperature (the “normal” human temperature is 36-37°C), difference of light
Body fluids and Homeostasis
- The survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid
- This fluid is known as; extracellular fluid
Explain Homeostasis 2
- Homeostasis ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body
- Homeostasis is a dynamic state of equilibrium
- Homeostasis is necessary for normal body function and life
Basic components of a feedback loop
- Stimulus
- Controlled condition
- Receptors
- Control center
- Effectors
- Response
- Return
Explain a Negative Feedback
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
It is a type of self-regulating system that reduces or inhibits the output of a process
Explain a Positive feedback loop
A situation where two events are mutually reinforcing
What are body positions
Anatomical position is a person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are places at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor
Anatomical terms to describe the reclining body are…
Prone = body lying face down
Supine = body lying face up
Regional Names, Directional Terms, and Planes/Sections
Regional names are given to specific regions of the body for reference
Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another
*Note that the terms anterior and ventral mean the same thing in humans. However, in four-legged animals ventral refers to the belly side and is therefore inferior. Similarly, the terms posterior and dorsal mean the same thing in humans, but in four-legged animals dorsal refers to the back side and is therefore superior
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body
