Chapter 1

Question 1

RDA of copper

Answer 1

1.5- 3mg /day

Question 2

RDA of phosphorus

Answer 2

500mg/day

Question 3

Tetany

Answer 3

Level less than 7.5 mg/dl
-chovatek sign and trousseu’s sign are positive

Question 4

Hypocalcemia

Answer 4

Level less than 8.5mg/dl
Causes; Vit-D deficiency
PTH deficiency

Question 5

Hypercalcemia

Answer 5

Level greater than 11mg/dl
Causes; -HyerPTHism
-Multiple myeloma
-Pagets disease
-Addisons disease
-Thyrotoxicosis

Question 6

Estimation of calcium done by

Answer 6

1)Cpc-cresolpthalein complexone
2)arzenzo dye
Commercially-ISE ipn selective electrode

Question 7

Functions of calcium

Answer 7

Nemonic; BCCI Men Have Hearts
-Bone and teeth
-Conduction
-Coagulation
-integrity or membrane permeability
-secondary messenger
-activation of enzymes
-muscle contraction

Question 8

Factors decreasing calcium absorption

Answer 8

1. Phytic acid
   2.oxalates
   3.malabsorption syndrome
   4.phosphate

Question 9

Normal calcium level in blood

Answer 9

9-11mg/dl

Question 10

Daily requirement of calcium?

Answer 10

Adult-100mg/dl
Children-750mg/dl

Question 11

Copper RDA

Answer 11

1.5 - 3 mg/day

Question 12

Functions of copper

Answer 12

-mitochondrial energy production
-collagen formation and maturation
-mobilisation of Fe
-Dopamine formation in CNS
-Melanin synthesis
-Antioxidant
-Regulation of expression of several genes
-diseases:Alzheimers disease

Question 13

Diseases associated with copper

Answer 13

-Aceruloplasmin
-cardiovascular diseases
-melanin
-copper deficiency anemia
-menkes kinky hair syndrome
-copper toxicity

Question 14

Excretion of cu

Answer 14

Mainly through bile (urine doesn’t have Cu normally

Question 15

Functions of copper

Answer 15

1.mitochondrial energy production
2.collagen formation and maturation
3. Mobilisation of Fe
4. Dopamine formation in CNS
5.Melanin synthesis
6.Antioxidant
7.regulation pf expression of several genes
8.Diseases-Alzeimers

Question 16

Wilsons disease

Answer 16

Decreased ceruloplasmin levels
-Hepatolenticular degeneration

Question 17

Aceruloplasmin

Answer 17

Level of Cp congenitally low
- Fe is not utilised properly: accumulates in liver,brian,pancreas
-neurological symptoms are seen

Question 18

Menkeys kinky hair syndrome

Answer 18

Alpha linked decect
-absence of Cu binding ATPase ; as Cu absorbed cannot be transported to blood
-defective cross linking of connective tissues

Question 19

Treatment of menke’s kinky hair disease

Answer 19

Injection of Cu+2 salts

Question 20

Important trace element in the body

Answer 20

Iron

Question 21

Total iron content in the body

Answer 21

3-5g

Question 22

RDA of iron

Answer 22

Man and postmenopausal women: 10-20mg/day
Premenopausal and pregnant: 20-40mg/day

Question 23

Factors increasing iron absorption

Answer 23

-HCl, vit C, amino acids(cysteine) - reduces ferric to ferrous
-Fe+2 itself

Question 24

Factors decreasing iron absorption

Answer 24

-phytic acid
-oxalic acid
-Ca,Cu,Pb,phosphorus

Question 25

Function of heme iron

Answer 25

-Hb
-Mb
-Cyt
-cytp450
-catalase,peroxidase
-heme containing enzymes

Question 26

Functions of non heme iron

Answer 26

-Ferritin-storage form of iron
-Hemosidrin
-transferrin
-FeS protein
-Aconitase

Question 27

Hemosiderin

Answer 27

In liver -storage form of iron

Question 28

Transferrin

Answer 28

Transport form of iron in plasma

Question 29

Dietary deficiency of iron

Answer 29

Iron deficiency anemia:
Manifestation;
-microcytic hypochromic anemia
-Atrophic glossitis
- oesophageal web
-Dysphagia

Question 30

Iron overload

Answer 30

Hemochromatosis;
Primary-genetic defect
Secondary-Bantu siderosis (low phosphate in diet)

Question 31

Bronze diabetes

Answer 31

-Liver cirrhosis
-Bronze colouration of skin
- Diabetes
More commonly associated with primary hemochromatosis

Question 32

RDA of magnesium

Answer 32

Males; 350mg
Females; 300mg

Question 33

Functions of magnesium

Answer 33

• Bones and teeth
  -Activation of enzymes (glucokinase,hexokinase,PFK,adenylate cyclase)
  -Neuromuscular function

Question 34

Deficiency of Mg

Answer 34

Neuromuscular irritability
Convulsions

Question 35

RDA pf flourine

Answer 35

Adults- 2-3mg
Safe limit =1ppm in H2O

Question 36

Flourine function

Answer 36

-teeth development
-Bone development
- inhibitir of glycolytic enzyme Enolase: Anti glycolytic agent

Question 37

Clinicals significance of F

Answer 37

Dental and skeletal fluorosis

Question 38

RDA of colbalt

Answer 38

1.1 mg