Chapter 1 Flashcards
RDA of copper
1.5- 3mg /day
RDA of phosphorus
500mg/day
Tetany
Level less than 7.5 mg/dl
-chovatek sign and trousseu’s sign are positive
Hypocalcemia
Level less than 8.5mg/dl
Causes; Vit-D deficiency
PTH deficiency
Hypercalcemia
Level greater than 11mg/dl
Causes; -HyerPTHism
-Multiple myeloma
-Pagets disease
-Addisons disease
-Thyrotoxicosis
Estimation of calcium done by
1)Cpc-cresolpthalein complexone
2)arzenzo dye
Commercially-ISE ipn selective electrode
Functions of calcium
Nemonic; BCCI Men Have Hearts
-Bone and teeth
-Conduction
-Coagulation
-integrity or membrane permeability
-secondary messenger
-activation of enzymes
-muscle contraction
Factors decreasing calcium absorption
- Phytic acid
2.oxalates
3.malabsorption syndrome
4.phosphate
Normal calcium level in blood
9-11mg/dl
Daily requirement of calcium?
Adult-100mg/dl
Children-750mg/dl
Copper RDA
1.5 - 3 mg/day
Functions of copper
-mitochondrial energy production
-collagen formation and maturation
-mobilisation of Fe
-Dopamine formation in CNS
-Melanin synthesis
-Antioxidant
-Regulation of expression of several genes
-diseases:Alzheimers disease
Diseases associated with copper
-Aceruloplasmin
-cardiovascular diseases
-melanin
-copper deficiency anemia
-menkes kinky hair syndrome
-copper toxicity
Excretion of cu
Mainly through bile (urine doesn’t have Cu normally
Functions of copper
1.mitochondrial energy production
2.collagen formation and maturation
3. Mobilisation of Fe
4. Dopamine formation in CNS
5.Melanin synthesis
6.Antioxidant
7.regulation pf expression of several genes
8.Diseases-Alzeimers
Wilsons disease
Decreased ceruloplasmin levels
-Hepatolenticular degeneration
Aceruloplasmin
Level of Cp congenitally low
- Fe is not utilised properly: accumulates in liver,brian,pancreas
-neurological symptoms are seen
Menkeys kinky hair syndrome
Alpha linked decect
-absence of Cu binding ATPase ; as Cu absorbed cannot be transported to blood
-defective cross linking of connective tissues
Treatment of menke’s kinky hair disease
Injection of Cu+2 salts
Important trace element in the body
Iron
Total iron content in the body
3-5g
RDA of iron
Man and postmenopausal women: 10-20mg/day
Premenopausal and pregnant: 20-40mg/day
Factors increasing iron absorption
-HCl, vit C, amino acids(cysteine) - reduces ferric to ferrous
-Fe+2 itself
Factors decreasing iron absorption
-phytic acid
-oxalic acid
-Ca,Cu,Pb,phosphorus
Function of heme iron
-Hb
-Mb
-Cyt
-cytp450
-catalase,peroxidase
-heme containing enzymes
Functions of non heme iron
-Ferritin-storage form of iron
-Hemosidrin
-transferrin
-FeS protein
-Aconitase
Hemosiderin
In liver -storage form of iron
Transferrin
Transport form of iron in plasma
Dietary deficiency of iron
Iron deficiency anemia:
Manifestation;
-microcytic hypochromic anemia
-Atrophic glossitis
- oesophageal web
-Dysphagia
Iron overload
Hemochromatosis;
Primary-genetic defect
Secondary-Bantu siderosis (low phosphate in diet)
Bronze diabetes
-Liver cirrhosis
-Bronze colouration of skin
- Diabetes
More commonly associated with primary hemochromatosis
RDA of magnesium
Males; 350mg
Females; 300mg
Functions of magnesium
- Bones and teeth
-Activation of enzymes (glucokinase,hexokinase,PFK,adenylate cyclase)
-Neuromuscular function
Deficiency of Mg
Neuromuscular irritability
Convulsions
RDA pf flourine
Adults- 2-3mg
Safe limit =1ppm in H2O
Flourine function
-teeth development
-Bone development
- inhibitir of glycolytic enzyme Enolase: Anti glycolytic agent
Clinicals significance of F
Dental and skeletal fluorosis
RDA of colbalt
1.1 mg
