CHAPTER 1

Question 1

Why bother with cog neuro?

Answer 1

so we can improve understanding of the brain, what treatment, policy or practice is neccesary for how/when to treat something

Question 2

Techniques in Cog Neuro

Answer 2

fMRI, MRI, EEG, PET

Question 3

Multiple levels of analysis

Answer 3

Molecular/cellular structure and composition, Single cell recordings, ERP/MEG recordings (electrical activity), PET/fMRI (metabolic activity/blood flow) => where in the brain?, Patient studies, Temporary lesions (TMS), Behavior

Question 4

Definition of cog neuro

Answer 4

study of how the body enables the mind

Question 5

2 central themes of cog neuro

Answer 5

Nature Vs Nurture and Localization Vs “holism”

Question 6

Nature

Answer 6

Refers to rationalism, through right thinking and rejection of unstoppable or superstitious beliefs.

Question 7

Nurture

Answer 7

Refers to empiricism, idea that all knowledge comes from sensory expereince

Question 8

Localization

Answer 8

The belief that certain parts of the brain had certain jobs

Question 9

“Holism”

Answer 9

The belief that the entire brain/ whole brain is involved with every cognitive function

Question 10

Early views of cog neuro

Answer 10

ancient cultures “heart was the seat of emotions, brain is “cooling” organ, philosophers like rene descartes believed that nerves contained fluid or “spirits” and these spirits were responsible for the flow of sensory and motor information for the body. Ancient media scrolls

Question 11

Phrenology (Gall)

Answer 11

Bumps in the skull indicate overdeveloped brain regions, bigger brain does not equal better

Question 12

aggregate field theory

Answer 12

developed by Flourens, the belief that the whole brain participates in behavior

Question 13

Cytoarchitectonics

Answer 13

the way in which cells differ between brain regions

Question 14

Broadmans areas

Answer 14

analyzed the cellular organization of the cortex and characterized 52 distinct regions of the brain.

Question 15

Neuron Doctrine

Answer 15

the concept that the nervous system is made up of individual cells, dicovered by Cajal

Question 16

Golgi stain

Answer 16

a neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, thereby revealing their silhouettes

Question 17

Camillo Golgi

Answer 17

developed the Golgi stain which labels a subset of neurons; was ‘the black reaction’ that impregnated individual neurons with silver chromate, this stain permits visualization of individual neurons in their entirety.

Question 18

Behaviorism (1920s-1960s)

Answer 18

John Watson, the study of behavior. Mind is not appropriate to study, must focus on observable behavior.

Question 19

John B. Watson

Answer 19

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

Question 20

Skinner boxes (operant conditioning)

Answer 20

a controlled conditioning chamber used to study operant conditioning in animals in a controlled environment

Question 21

brenda miller

Answer 21

continued the behavioral studies on Penfield’s patients (he stimulated various parts of the brain with electrical probes and observed the results on the patients- who were awake, lying on the operating table, and under local anesthesia only) before and after surgery, when patients complained of mild memory loss after surgery, this sparked her interest in memory and was the first to provide anatomical and physiological proof that there are multiple memeory systems.