Chapter 1

Question 1

Out of date beliefs about addiction
- Pre-1930’s
- 1952
- 1957

Answer 1

• Pre-1930’s: addiction is due to lack of willpower and results from poor character
• 1952: Addiction is 1/4 subcategories in sociopathic personality disturbances
• 1957: drug addiction vs. drug habituation

Question 2

What is the definition of addiction

Answer 2

A chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite adverse consequences.
A brain disorder that involves functional changes to the brain circuits involved in reward, stress and self-control

Question 3

What are the 4 categories of substance use disorder used for diagnosis?

Answer 3

1. Impaired control
2. Risky use
3. Social Impairment
4. Physical dependance

Question 4

What are the symptoms of impaired control (4)

Answer 4

• Use more than intended
• Want to cut down
• Time devoted to substances
• Cravings

Question 5

What are the symptoms of Risky use (2)

Answer 5

• Use in physically dangerous situations
• Use despite physical or psychological consequences

Question 6

What are the symptoms of Social impairment (3)

Answer 6

• Cannot fulfill major obligations
• Use despite problems
• Reduces/stop important activities

Question 7

What are the symptoms of physical dependance (2)

Answer 7

• Tolerance
• Withdrawal

Question 8

How many symptoms (out of 11) are needed for the qualification of a substance use disorder

Answer 8

2

Question 9

What are 4 major arguments about substance use disorder

Answer 9

• Heavy use is what causes social and physical harm
• Heavy use causes intoxication, withdrawal, and tolerance
• Dose-response relationship between use and harms matters
• Focus on heavy use can reduce stigma

Question 10

What are the major arguments for and against food as an addiction

Answer 10

For:
- Common clinical features: tolerance, withdrawal, compulsive use
- Common biology: activate and alter brain reward system (dopamine)
- Shared risk factors: impulsivity, shared heritability

Against
- Need to distinguish from physiological need to consume enough calories to maintain a high body weight
- Psychoactive effects not as intense as drugs – no “high”
- Not well differentiated from eating disorders like binge eating disorder

Question 11

Why does a historical perspective to addiction matter? (5)

Answer 11

• Our knowledge changes as science progresses
• Population level drug use, norms shift dramatically over time
• Learn from the past
• The drug marketplace is constantly changing
• Addiction is a social justice issue

Question 12

Why is addiction a social justice issue?

Answer 12

Addiction divides families, and was originally used to exploit lower class families

Question 13

What is Stigma?

Answer 13

Negative beliefs a society or group have about something leading to labelling, stereotyping or “othering”

Question 14

What are some consequences of addiction stigma (3)

Answer 14

• Undermine care and treatment
• Impact recovery processes
• Negatively impact mental health

Question 15

Criteria for addiction (4)

Answer 15

1. Trigger compulsive use
2. Have psychoactive effects
3. Reinforcing
4. Trigger strong urges and craving

Question 16

The evolution of cigarettes (1880, 1964, 1998)

Answer 16

1880 - invention of mass cigarette rolling machine
1964 - Surgeon General Report where smoking is causally related to cancer
1998 - Master settlers agreement ($206 Billion)

Question 17

What is person first language?

Answer 17

emphasizing the person before the disability/addiction

Question 18

What is a behavioural addiction?

Answer 18

Addiction to a behaviour rather than a substance (ex. gambling, sex, shopping, internet)

Question 19

What is the disease model of addiction

Answer 19

Vulnerabilities leading to neurobiological changes (genetic -> environmental -> social)