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human a&p > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomy?

A

the study of body
structure
(morphology)

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2
Q

what is physiology?

A

the study of the function of body parts

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3
Q

what are the nine levels of organization in the body? (smallest to largest)

A

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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4
Q

which levels of organization are not living? (smallest to largest)

A

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle

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5
Q

which levels of organization are living? (smallest to largest)

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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6
Q

define an atom.

A

the smallest unit of matter, or the smallest particle of a single element.

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7
Q

define a molecule.

A

composed of two or more atoms. Can be the same element (ex. O2) or different elements (ex. H2O).

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8
Q

define a macromolecule.

A

large molecules. Includes proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

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9
Q

define an organelle.

A

a structure within a cell that performs a specific function.

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10
Q

define a cell.

A

smallest structural and functional unit of life.

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11
Q

define a tissue.

A

a group of cells that perform a specialized function.

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12
Q

define an organ.

A

a structure consisting of a group of tissues with a specialized function.

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13
Q

define an organ system.

A

a group of organs working together to carry out a specialized function.

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14
Q

define an organism.

A

many organ systems, an individual living thing.

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15
Q

what are the ten characteristics of life?

A

movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion

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16
Q

define movement.

A

change in position of the body or of a body part (voluntary or involuntary).

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17
Q

define responsiveness.

A

reaction to a change inside or outside of the body (thirsty, moving away from heat).

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18
Q

define growth.

A

increase in size, new body materials produce faster than old ones are worn out.

19
Q

define reproduction.

A

production of new organisms and new cells.

20
Q

define respiration.

A

obtaining O2, removing CO2, and releasing energy from food.

21
Q

define digestion.

A

breaking down food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used.

22
Q

define absorption.

A

passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids.

23
Q

define circulation.

A

movement of substances into body fluids.

24
Q

define assimilation.

A

changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms.

25
Q

define excretion.

A

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.

26
Q

what are the four vital signs?

A

body temperature, blood pressure, rate of pulse, and breathing movements.

27
Q

how is death defined?

A

no spontaneous muscular movement, no response to stimuli, no reflexes, no brain waves.

28
Q

what are the 6 necessities for life?

A

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure, homeostasis.

29
Q

why is water necessary for life?

A

regulates body temperature, transports substances, is the most abundant chemical in the body.

30
Q

why is food necessary for life?

A

provides the body with necessary nutrients.

31
Q

why is oxygen necessary for life?

A

used to release energy from food substances (aids metabolism).

32
Q

why is heat necessary for life?

A

a form of energy. determines the rate of certain chemical reactions.

33
Q

why is pressure necessary for life?

A

force applied to something (ex. blood pressure, atmospheric pressure for breathing).

34
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of a stable internal environment.

35
Q

what is homeostatic mechanism?

A

the brain. regulates body temperature in humans (98.6 F)

36
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

The effects of a reaction slow/stop that reaction. (called negative because its function is to reduce the change)

37
Q

give an example of negative feedback.

A

body temperature is high, so you start to sweat which lowers your body temperature.

38
Q

what is positive feedback?

A

The effects of a reaction are amplified. (called positive because its
function is to increase the
change. not as common as negative)

39
Q

give an example of positive feedback.

A

blood clotting. platelets release clotting factors, calling more platelets to clot at the injury site.

40
Q

what is in the axial portion?

A

head, neck, trunk

41
Q

what is in the appendicular portion?

A

upper limbs, lower limbs

42
Q

what two body cavities are within the dorsal cavity?

A

cranial cavity, vertebral cavity

43
Q

what three body cavities are in the ventral body cavity?

A

thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

human a&p (9 decks)

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