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Italian Unification > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Piedmont like?

A

Northern state, ruled by the House of Savoy.

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2
Q

What was Lombardy like?

A

Northern state, ruled by representatives of the Austrian Empire.

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3
Q

Venetia

A

Governed according to a constitution.
Great Austrian influence.

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4
Q

Central Duchies

A

Tuscany, Modena and Parma.
Governed by Dukes with Austrian influence.

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5
Q

Papal states

A

Ruled by the Pope, reliant on other Catholic countries.

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6
Q

Naples/Sicily

A

Ruled by the bourbon family.
The king also rued Sicily so the kingdom became known as the kingdom of Two Siciliys.

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7
Q

When was the French Revolution?

A

1789.

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8
Q

When was the French attack? What did they acquire?

A

1796.
Nice and Savoy.

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9
Q

When was the peninsula divided into republics? How many?

A

1798.
4.

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10
Q

When was Italy divided into three parts? What were these three parts called?

A

1810.
The French Empire, The Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Naples.

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11
Q

The French Empire

A

Annexed (add an extra part) to France and treated as the French Empire.
Comprised of Piedmont, The Central Duchies and the Papal states.

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12
Q

The Kingdom of Italy

A

Comprised of the regions of Lombardy, Modena, Bologna, Romagna and Ferrara.
Ruled by Napoleon’s step-son.

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13
Q

Naples

A

Did not include Sicily.

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14
Q

What was life like under French rule?

A

Mixed opinions.
The intellectuals saw French rule as a breath of fresh air, liberals were inspired by the main values of the revolution; liberty, equality and fraternity.
Others were resentful of French rule due to the forced conscription and high taxation imposed by the French

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15
Q

When was the Napoleonic Code introduced? What was the Napoleonic Code?

A

1805.
Napoléon Bonaparte’s civil code was introduced in Italy following his decision to turn the Republic of Italy into the Kingdom of Italy and crown himself King.

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16
Q

Impact of French rule on the Church?

A

Suffered severely because their power was greatly reduced.
1809- Napoleon exiled the Pope, temporal power declared to be at an end.
Papal States to be governed by French authorities.
Did not effect the Pope’s spiritual authority as he remained a figurehead.
1814- Monasteries and nunneries closed down in France.
Church land sold off to the nobility.

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17
Q

How were the urban groups effected?

A

Professionals profited from the increased prosperity introduced by Napoleon which brought financial and business advantages.
Increased infrastructure and relaxation of trade barriers.
Local govts set up.
Improved infrastructure of towns.
Introduced two-chamber representative govt.
Italians absorbed French ideas.

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18
Q

When was the Congress of Vienna and what did it do?

A

1815.
Engineered by Metternich.
Returned most Italian borders to status quo.

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19
Q

What is a conservative state?

A

Wanted a compromise between Napoleonic structures and pre-Napoleonic structures, a process called amalgamation.
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Lombardy-Venetia and the Duchy of Parma.

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20
Q

What is a reactionary state?

A

Wanted to completely dismantle Napoleonic structures and return to things pre-1796.
Papal states, Duchy of Modena and the Kingdom of Piedmont.

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21
Q

What did the reactionary states target?

A

The army: Office no longer selected on experience, just privilege.
The Economy: Emergence of protectionist barriers stifled trade and economic growth.
Legal System: Napoleonic code replaced with a judicial system that favoured the rights of the nobility.

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22
Q

What did the process of amalgamation involve?

A

Economic: Encouraging growth and investing in public work schemes. Eg. Ferdinand II (Kingdom of Two sicilies) built Italy’s first railway and established communications between Naples and Sicily.
Education: Balancing out religious and secular teaching.
Retaining the class of administrators that Napoleon had left behind and carrying out moderate reforms.

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23
Q

What happened in Piedmont (RM)?

A

Victor Emmanuel I destroyed anything that the French left (regardless of it’s utility).
Results in rev in 1820s.
In response, reluctantly adapted some reforms and improvement of infrastructure.

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24
Q

What happened in Modena (RM)?

A

V reactionary and erratic, made friends with a revolutionary.
Results in rev in 1830s.

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25
Q

What happened in the Papal states (RM)?

A

Cansalvi reforms maintained the best aspects of Napoleon.
Pope after the death of the prior Pope ensued strict reforms which caused socio-economic disparity.

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26
Q

What happened in Tuscany (RM)?

A

Austrian leader, therefore received amalgamation reforms, prosperous.

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27
Q

What happened in Parma (RM)?

A

Most progressive state. Ruled by Duchess Marie- Louise.

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28
Q

Naples and Sicily (RM).

A

Rev because Sicily are separatist.
Reluctant reforms in the Muratist style.

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29
Q

Lombardy-Venetia (RM).

A

Refused to r3einstate aristocratic rights and maintained Napoleonic system of policing.

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30
Q

1820-21 Revolution in Naples.

A

1818- Church censorship, took away freedom of speech which angered the middle class.
1820- 30 Carbonari members advanced onto Avellino leading to a widespread uprising.
July- Ferd I promised to grant a con similar to Spain.

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31
Q

1820-21 Revolution in Sicily.

A

1815- Return of Ferd I forced Sicily to re-join Naples.
Agricultural prices fell sharply, widespread dissent. Riots broke out and Ferd forced to make concessions and promise a constituional monarchy.

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32
Q

1820-21 Revolution in Piedmont.

A

1815- VE I set out reactionary policies and reinstated the 1770 constitution.
Revolt broke out and the Carbonari grew in membership. a mutiny of the army in Turin forced him to abdicate and liberals looked to Charles Albert as the successor.

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33
Q

Causes of the 1820 revs.

A

Reinstatement of Church power.
Sicilian separatist desires.
Economic issues.
Reactions to the loss/ promise of constitutions.
Govt inadequacies.

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34
Q

Failures of the 1820 revs

A

Austrian intervention.
Divisions and weaknesses of the revolutionaries.
Minimal amounts of people, happening in towns not the countryside.

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35
Q

How did the 1820 revs develop nationalism?

A

Presence of Carbonari- ideas about nationalism developing.
Socio-economic conditions provided a collective experience.
Pope/ army demonstrate that things could change because the group that are supposedly the loyalist want to abolish the ruler.
Austria becomes a common enemy.

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36
Q

How did the 1820 revs hinder nationalism?

A

Only 30 Carbonari- ideas aren’t widespread.
Suffering was the motivation not nationalism.
None of the regional armies are strong enough to withstand foreign intervention.
Might of Austria.

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37
Q

1831-2 rev in Modena

A

Enrico Misley wanted to achieve a con for Modena but he was betrayed and jailed in 1831.
Duke Francis IV visited Vienna and in his absence the revolutionaries took over and established a provisional govt.

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38
Q

1831-32 rev in Papal States

A

Organised by the professional classes who resented the oppressive rule of the Church.
Prov gov established in Bologna in Feb 1831.

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39
Q

1831-32 rev in Parma.

A

Students rioted to demand a con, Duchess Marie-Louise fled and a provisional govt was established by the students.
Contact was made with Modena and a joint army was established.

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40
Q

Causes of the 1830 revs

A

The role of revolutionaries in Modena, inspired by the French uprisings.
Papal States’ oppressive rule.
Economic conditions.

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41
Q

Why did the 1830 revs fail?

A

Might of Austria.
Pope receives French troops to overthrow revolutionaries.
Little communication.
Cannot sustain initial gains.
Revolts are not widespread.

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42
Q

How did the 1830s rev hinder nationalism?

A

Revolutionary liberals wanted to change the inadequate govt not a United Italy.
Clearly little support for the revolt , either through desire or fear. Church is v powerful.
Bologna ignore Modenas plea for help.
French support not realised.
1. Déclare à policy of non-intervention.
2. They sent troops in support of the oppressor.
Myth of Risorgimento clear.

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43
Q

How did the 1830s revs develop nationalism.

A

M and Ps response demonstrated communication.
Misleys idea of Italian Nat spread more readily in the 30s.
3 Paths:
1. Piedmontisation.
2. Neo-Guelph.
3. Radical ( Mazzini and Young Italy).
French getting upset with Austrian influence.

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44
Q

What caused the 1848 Revolutions?

A

Economic crisis.
French overthrowing of the regime inspired Italians.
Changing situation in the Hapsburg Empire, power vacuum in the centre of Europe, govt couldn’t respond to the war.
Changing ideological backgrounds.
Growth in support for Mazzini/moderate movements.
Metternich removed from power, Austria no longer a threat.

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45
Q

Why did the 1848 revs fail?

A

Overpowered by foreign forces.
French defend the Pope.
Divisions between the Revolutionaries.
New king of Sicily retains the old constitution.

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46
Q

How did the Pope cause the 1848 revs?

A

Released 2000 political prisoners.
Ended Church censorship
Council of State established.

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47
Q

How did nationalist fervour cause the 1848 revs

A

Revs in France trigger nationalist/liberalism demands.
Ideological clarity/ spread of knowledge and literacy.
Tobacco protest inspires uprisings against Austrians.
Growth of civil society, music and literature helped spread nationalist ideas and identity into society.

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48
Q

Was nationalist fervour less important 1848

A

Réaction rather than a cause.
Nationalist fervour was external.
Motivations most often not unification/ independence just liberals wanting shared powers with the monarchy.

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49
Q

How did the conservatives regain power?

A

Revolutionaries wanted them to stay in place and share power.
Army stayed under control of the leaders and so did the civil servants and bureaucracy of each state.
Fear of revolution.
Able to react to revolutionary propaganda (prop, allocution).
The church.

50
Q

Rome Republic 1848

A

No foreign support or support of other regions.
Free press still operated and the reforms encouraged other states to rise against govt.

51
Q

Venetian Republic 1848

A

Not nationalistic, under Austrian rule and they revoke their decision to unite Piedmont after defeat.
Formed an alliance with Hungary, Hungary rebelled against Austria.

52
Q

First War of Independence 1848

A

Limited war fought by Piedmont-Sardinia for territory, led to the abdication of Charles Albert, in favour of his son, the signing of the Peace of Milan and the fall of venice.
Fought for independence with Nationalist motives.
Initial victories but ended with an Austrian victory and return to status quo.

53
Q

Allocution 1848

A

Rejected political ambitions in terms of unification and aimed to protect the Popes status.
Created a revolutionary atmosphere and resentment against the Pope.

54
Q

Why did Piedmont become the lead state for unification?

A

Cavour- excellent diplomat is able to converse with a plethora of people. Campaigned for the development of railways.
Status maintained, other states abolished their cons.
Leads liberals to move upwards, seeing Piedmont as a place to discuss ideas.
The only indépendant state, even after 1848 and they have their own army.
Geographically benefit from their neighbours industrial developments:
1. Infrastructure.
2. Infrastructure developped under Napoleon.
3. Easier to get alliances.
4. More exposed to developments for the longest time.
Siccardi Laws 1851- Restriction of Church power in Piedmont.
Textile industry.

55
Q

Plombières 1858

A

Napoleon III and Cavour plan to declare war on Austria.

56
Q

Handshake of Teano 1860

A

Victor Emmanuel and Garabaldi shake hands over territory.

57
Q

The role of Napoleon III

A

Took support of uprisings in Rome, enthusiasm and nationalism, grateful for piedmont.
He was a powerful figure who wanted unification, some were sceptical because he may just want France to become powerful.

58
Q

The war of 1859 (Second war of Independence)

A

CAV- anti austrian speech.
Nationalistic emotions increased because cav mobilised the Piedmontese army, no support from Napoleon.
Apr 1859- au sent a ultimatum that cav refused to demobilise the piedmontese army which cav refused. Au replied by declaring war on the 29th.
Napoleon’s motives- could not breach austrian defences, danger that prussia could attack france at his absence, suspicious of cavours activities.
Settlement- P recieve L, first go to F then VE. Franco-Sardinian victory at the Armistice of Villafranca.
Rulers of the Duchies restored.
Sutria kept venetia.

59
Q

Cavour’s resignation- July 1859

A

Betrayal.
Furious that he had not been consulted about the end of the war.
Appalled at the agreement between the Duchies and disliked that Austrian controlled Venetia.

60
Q

Papal Power

A

Napoleon said he was prepared for the Pope to lose power over the Legations.

61
Q

Plebiscites

A

Opportunity to engineer annexation with the help of the national societies which campagined for the annexation of VE II or a separate kingdom.
Those in liberal states urged for unification with Piedmont.

62
Q

The role of Garabaldi

A

” The Thousand” Garabaldi wanted to unite Italy in the name of VE II and Italy itself.

63
Q

The reaction of Cavour to Garabaldis aims

A

Worried that he wanted to invade Naples, conflict would produce a French victory.
Ordered Persano to sail to Naples and create s pro-piedmontese insurrection before Garabaldis rrival.
Ruler of Naples formed a liberal ministry.

64
Q

Sep 1860 in the Papal states

A

National society engineered an uprising.
Cavour wanted the army disbanded.
P army invaded and destroyed the Papal army.
Napoleonic army remained intact.

65
Q

Issues facing Italy in the 1860s.

A

Civil war.
Economic and political issues.
Mediocre leadership in the north.

66
Q

Unity or Piedmontisation?

A

VE reamined VE the II of Piedmont.
The sovereign body of the state would be the king in parliament.
Chamber of deputies elected by 2% of pop.
The administrative structure was centralised.
Piedmontese weights and measures and the idea of trade was imposed on the rest of Italy.

67
Q

The south 1860s

A

Politicians had little understanding.
Unsuitable for unification under Piedmontese leadership.
1859- law introduced that stated 2 years of education was compulsory however most were illierate and the peasants needs wre never met.
Introduce taxes to repay debt but provoked the Brigands War.

68
Q

Lombardy and Tuscany 1860s

A

Lombardy:
Rattazzi imposed a central model of govt in 1859. (power concentrated at higher level rather than distributed between various levels)
Promised a constituent assembly to discuss views at the time of the plebscite.
Language barriers.
Own systems separate from piedmontisation ( govt, legal)
Tuscany:
Imposition of laws delayed for political reasons.
Ricasoli argued successfully for the protection of Tuscan systems and leader systems.

69
Q

Cavour’s election victory and his opposition

A

1861- victory for La Desta until 1876.
Centre left- Led by Rattazzi/ depreits.
Far left- Garabaldians, democrats who wanted a federal state (division of power between different levels of government)
Far right- 20 deputies, restoration of old order and reactionary states.
Church- lost 2/3rd of land, Catholic Church refused to recognise the state’s existence, Cavour persuaded them to give up temporal power.
Garabaldi- 1861, 7000 soldiers who had not been incorporated into the Piedmontese army.

70
Q

Cavour’s successer

A

Ricasoli
Lacked parliamentary experience.
Formed a coalition govt (far left and far right).
1862-Garabaldi set up the society for the emancipation ( free from someone else’s power) of Italy he left his exile, rallied Sicilians and sailed to the mainland.
1859-67- Ratazzi was sacked but his successors were weakened by the combination of lack of support from the king and lack of parliamentary discipline.

71
Q

Napoleons venetia treaty
1867

A

Secret treaty with Austria.
If prussia was defeated venetia would be ceaded to france then passed to napoleon to unify italy.

72
Q

Austria vs Prussia

A

Italy agreed that they would back prussia in a war.
Napoleon III signed a treaty with Bismarck in June 1865, france would remain neutral in the austro-prussian war, france would recieve venetia.

73
Q

The issue of venice

A

Solved by direct, diplomacy and war means.
Napleon and Bismarck where the architects of change.
Bismark wanted domination of Germany.
Napoleon promised neutrality when they met at biarrtiz.
Napoleon helped to broker an alliance between bismark and italy.

74
Q

The war of 1866

A

Third war of independance.
Fought by Austria and Prussia.
High number of casualities.
Ended with peace of prague in august where venetia was given to napoleon.

75
Q

Who deserved the credit?

A

Italians, alliance with prussia secured venetia.
Others, napoleon signed the treaty to ensure venetia was given to italy.

76
Q

Venetia summary

A

Venice are apprehensive about unification, previously under the control od the Hapsberg empire.
There were no venetian uprisings during the war,

77
Q

War humiliation 1866

A

Spurred by Prussia’s demands for government action, under pressure Persano decided to capture Lissa.
Italians rejected Austria’s offer of claiming to be neutral in exchange for venetia because they wanted to fight a war.
The Italian army were unimpressive and made slow advances.
They waged war at sea because they invested massively into the navy their boats were defeated and they were joked about “boats of iron men of wood”.
The navy bickered.
The battle of lissa symbolised the failure of unification.

78
Q

October 1866

A

Plebscites successful in the election.
The election, however, was rigged by officials so it does not show enthusiasm for unification.

79
Q

Venetia after unification

A

Italy was bankrupt.
Sunk into economic decay with mass emigration into the new world.

80
Q

Decline of the Church

A

The papacys loosening grip on temporarl power was inevitable, 1831 rev was imporant for the decline in papal power.
The actions of the papal troops prepared for the 1848 revs and the extinction of papal power.
The allocution marked the end of dreams of any moderates and others that the Pope would lead Italy.
Pius IX’s motives where to strenghten the papcys popularity and power (temporal and spiritual)

81
Q

The syllabus of errors 1864

A

It condemns a total of 80 propositions that the pope considered as errors or heresies.
8- All human reason is placed on a level with religion.
19- Church is the top power.
20- Cannot exercise authority without govt permission.
24- Church cannot use force.
73- Civil contract may exist between christians nd a real marriage.
80- Roman Pontiff ought to reconcile himself and come to terms with progress.

82
Q

problematic situation in Rome

A

Needed to get rid of the French garrison so work of driving out foreigners was complete.

83
Q

1870 war

A

Franco-prussain war.
Prussain leader used the conflict to stir up nationalist feeling and unify Germany.

84
Q

20th sep 1870

A

Ve’s army entered rome and the papal army was defeated because the pope refused to give up temporal power.
Final event in the journey for unification.

85
Q

issues with rome

A
  1. Popes authority.
  2. French garrison protecting the pope.
  3. Attack on the universal church is an attack on the pope.
86
Q

september convention 1864

A

The french withdrew troops from rome, alliance between french and italy meaning italy wouldnt push for rome.

87
Q

Garabaldi’s attack on rome in 1867

A

Defeated by the papal army, he was obsessed with rome because of his failure to defend it.
Marched on with volunteers.

88
Q

1870 uni rome

A

French troops withdrew from rome.
Italian troops defeat the papal army who surrendered.
Fully unified with Venetia in 1871.

89
Q

popes attitudes on unification

A

His role to condemn the new Italian state as he refused to acknowledge its legitimacy.
Divides t further by loyal to the pope vs loyal to nationalist state.

90
Q

Evidence of success with coping with the problems bewteen 1861-96

A

Public health improvements.
Protective barriers for farmers.
Sucessor helped pave the way for industrial success.
Tarriff increase of 1887 provided protection.

91
Q

Failures 1861-96

A

Many people emigrated causing a societal imbalance.
South expolited by landowners.
areas in the south were agricultural.
industry failed to modernise.
Southern economy stagnated wich increased the divides.
Govt failed to push for education.

92
Q

Out of their control/ pre-exisiting 61-96

A

Incomplete economical developments.
Poor social and economic standards.
Growing agricultural competition with tthe USA.
Literary rate increase din the north and stagnated in the south.
Education weaker in comparison to the rest of europe.

93
Q

The govt was faced with..

A

Geographical,society and social problems.
Unite 2 diff areas and naples/sicily were illiterate and impovirished.
Increased taxes added further to the complications of the peasants.

94
Q

The majority of the population…

A

In naples and sicily were illiterate and in deep poverty.

95
Q

The govt also showed…

A

Lack of understanding.
Increased taxes= increased cost of living = complications for peasants.
Difficult legal system and conscription.
Many joined the mafia due to the govts incompetence.

96
Q

Peasant families began…

A

migrating to find work, they found none and became the growing underclass.

97
Q

Latifundia

A

Allowed Southern landowners to enclose land in their estate.

98
Q

Common land

A

Land held by the people without land owners.

99
Q

Mafia

A

Organised criminal gang.

100
Q

Problem of the Pope dealt with effectively

A

Sought to appease.
1871- law passed to regulate position.
Allowed to control the diplomacy of the vatican which entailed free speech.

101
Q

Problem of the pope dealt with ineffectively

A

The church was now in a dangerously strong position.
Catholic press free to denounce the kingdom of italy.
Ban of catholic participation in national politics.

102
Q

Mezzogiornio

A

Southern italy.

103
Q

Problem of tjhe mezzogiornio dealt with effectivley

A

Promoted patriotism.
crispi wanted to improve political education and foreign policy.
triple alliance.

104
Q

Problem of the mezzogiornio dealt with ineffectively

A

Increased taxation.
Corrupt,ineffective police.
Proposal to nationalise railways.
Failed to sort the budgets.
1869 Grist tax- southern govts bankrupt.
Low credibility and the economy was in deep recession/

105
Q

Trasformiso 1871 onwards (quick- change performance, isolated extremists after unification)

A

Chamber of deputies, left- south, right-north.
Unstable govts, 28 between 71-92.
Non-ideological and lacked a coherent doctrine.
1882- suffrage widened to 7% of the pop.
Certain reforms, abolition of grist tax in 83, tarriff imposed in 87.
Very little is done.

106
Q

Foreign policy 1871 onwards

A

1882- Triple alliance with Germany and the Hapsberg empire.
1885- Colonial expansion by the seizure of the Port of Massawa.
1890- Crispi jouned East African colonies with Eritrea.
1896- BBattle of Adowa, italy is defeated by an african army.

107
Q

Opposition and repression 1871 onwards

A

1871- attempted uprising in bologna.
1878-9- repression against anarchists.
1880s- Repression of partito, operaoi Italiano.
1884- Socialist party (PSRI) formed, modern which attracted 210,000 votes in the 1900 election.

108
Q

Radicals and Republicans

A

Radicals
Mazzini flourised after 1871. Supported irredentism ( desire to have returned to a country a region that was considered apart of it).
Republicans
Garabaldi in 70s absorbed into left.
1890s- comprehensive political program based on the pact of rome in 1890, institutional reform- regional autonomy, civil rights and social legislation.

109
Q

Economic division 1871 onwards

A

North- capitalist.
South- Feudal.
Sale of church lands- economic consolidation of the economic and political power of the local elites, reinforced feelings of alienation.
Tarrif of 1887- cheap wheat imported from the usa hit the southern agricultural economy.

110
Q

Agricultural rev

A

Limited to PO valley in th north.
Amount of land cultivating heat fell by 8%. 1883-1913.
Emigration issue was a clear indicator of the imbalance of the state’s investments.
Attemptsb pf reform met with southern hostility.

111
Q

Emigration

A

1879- 20,000 to the us.
Internal migration- milan grew, pop doubled between 1901-11.
17% of workers born outsidethe province.
Transatlantic migration- 70” south.
Italy lost 14 mil citizens between 1900-14.

112
Q

Language

A

Vast majority spoke in dialect.
Italian only spoken in Rome and parts of Tuscany.
Didint promote education. Illiterate excluded from suffrage.
70% in Calabria.
11% in piedmont.

113
Q

Detatchment from regime

A

Catholics discouraged in participating in politics.
Low literacy rate.
3% spoke Italian.
The state seen as oppressive, unsympathetic and unrepresentative.
Opposed the war with france

114
Q

How did the French revolution have an impact on Italian nationalism?

A

Nothern elites began to make constitutions- began to challenge the idea that Italy needed an absolute ruler, they could be unified.
It scared the absolute rulers, indictaing to people that things could change because they were not divine rulers.
The French ideas inspired Italian elites, who gained knowledge of liberalism and nationalism.
Led to Napoleon’sinvasion.

115
Q

How didn’t the French Revolution have an impact on Italian nationalism?

A

Majority of the population were unaware that the French Revolution was occuring,80% of the population were not gaining knowledge of a different way of governmentso nationalism did not develop.
Only the elites knew and there was nothing tangible about the revolution.

116
Q

Long-term impacts of Napoleonic rule

A

Political ideologies are devloping, therefore knowledge is beginning to spreadand challenge previous leadership of absolutism.
Seeds of discontent sewn leading to challenge how things were.

117
Q

Short term impacts of Napoleonic rule

A

Pope/ Church leadership reinstated, Church power returns to ‘Status Quo’
Different regions impose varying levels of pre-1789 systems of government.

118
Q

Positive impacts for Italian nationalism

A

10,000s die for Napoleom/heavy taxation leads to the development of a common enemy- a common goal.
Police reforms, change of govt

119
Q

The Troppau Protocol

A

Following Carbonari uprising in July 1820.
Austria, Prussia and Russia signed it offering to give assisstance to any European power threatened by revolution.

120
Q

Brigands War 1861-64

A

Guerrilla warfare.
Began in 1860 after Garabaldi troops landed and overthrew the Kingdom of 2 Siciles.
350 groups, 20000-70000 deaths.
Kingdom of Italy sent up to 120000 soldiers.

121
Q

Garabaldi

A

Garabladis expedition to Sicily in 1860 forced Cav and Ve1 to send forces down to prevent him from marching on Rome.
His heroic rep and actions in 1860 led to unification but it was only possible bc of Piedmontese development and expansion and Napoleon III intervention

Italian Unification (2 decks)

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