Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Matter is composed of _____ that are mostly ______.
A
Atoms, empty space
2
Q
Energy and matter are …
A
Versions of the same thing
3
Q
Matter can be …
A
A particle or a wave
4
Q
Is this a scientific question?
What temperature will my coffee be if I add milk to it?
A. Yes, this is a scientific question
B. No, this is not a scientific question
A
A.
5
Q
Is this a scientific question?
Do dragons have wings?
A. Yes, this is a scientific question
B. No, this is not a scientific question
A
B.
6
Q
Is this a scientific question?
Can my dog understand what I say?
A. Yes, this is a scientific question
B. No, this is not a scientific question
A
B.
7
Q
Scientific questions can be answered by:
1. …
2. …
3. …
A
- Doing experiments
- Making observations
- Taking measurements
8
Q
Claim: …
A
The target of your explanation
9
Q
Evidence: …
A
The data or scientific principle you are using to support your claim
10
Q
Reasoning: …
A
The connection between your claim and evidence
11
Q
Claim, evidence, reasoning example
A
SLIDE 18
12
Q
A law ______ the phenomenon.
A
Describes
13
Q
A theory ______ the phenomenon.
A
Explains
14
Q
Special relativity (time and space are not absolute but are relative to each other)
This is a…
A. Fact
B. Law
C. Hypothesis
D. Theory
E. Question
A
D.
15
Q
The force of attraction between masses is proportional to the product of the masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
This is a…
A. Fact
B. Law
C. Hypothesis
D. Theory
E. Question
A
B.
16
Q
An atom of hydrogen has one proton.
This is a…
A. Fact
B. Law
C. Hypothesis
D. Theory
E. Question
A
A.
17
Q
If we add reagent X to a reaction it will go faster.
This is a…
A. Fact
B. Law
C. Hypothesis
D. Theory
E. Question
A
C.
18
Q
What will happen if we add X to the reaction?
This is a…
A. Fact
B. Law
C. Hypothesis
D. Theory
E. Question
A
E.
19
Q
In 1963, Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman discovered …
A
The atom
20
Q
Which has atoms in it?
Heat Cells Air Gold
A. All of them
B. Cells and Gold
C. Cells, Air, and Gold
D. Only Gold
A
A.
21
Q
Which is biggest?
A. An atom
B. A molecule
C. A cell
D. It depends
A
C.
22
Q
How big is an atom?
A
About 0.1 nanometer (0.1 × 10–9 m)
23
Q
Where did the original idea of atoms come from?
A
The Greeks
24
Q
What was the earliest atomic theory?
A
The Law of Conservation of Mass
25
The random motion of atoms and particles is called ...
Brownian motion
26
What properties ascribed by the Greeks to atoms do we still consider to be valid?
Indestructible and always moving
27
If atoms are in constant motion, what keeps them moving?
Energy or heat
28
An ______ is the smallest unit of an element.
Atom
29
Atoms of different elements are different. How?
Their proton and electron count
30
An atom of an element is pictured at...
A. 0
B. o0o
C. oo
D. That’s impossible
A.
31
A molecule of an element is pictured at...
A. 0
B. o0o
C. oo
D. That’s impossible
C.
32
A molecule of a compound is pictured at...
A. 0
B. o0o
C. oo
D. That’s impossible
B.
33
An atom of a compound is pictured at...
A. 0
B. o0o
C. oo
D. That’s impossible
D.
34
______ published his theory in 1808.
John Dalton
35
1. Elements are composed of small indivisible, indestructible particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of an element are identical and have the same mass and properties.
3. Atoms of a given element are different from atoms of other elements.
4. Compounds are formed by combinations of atoms of two or more elements.
5. Chemical reactions are due to the rearrangements of atoms; atoms (matter) are neither created nor destroyed during a reaction.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
36
What parts of Dalton's Atomic theory are not considered to be true today?
Atoms are indivisible and indestructible. And all atoms of an element are identical and have the same mass and properties.
37
Which subatomic particle was discovered first?
A. Proton
B. Electron
C. Neutron
B.
38
The electron was discovered by ...
JJ Thomson
39
The electron was discovered with a ...
Cathode ray tube
SLIDE 55
40
- Particles emerged from the cathode and moved to the anode.
- These particles were deflected by electrical fields in a direction that indicated they were negatively charged.
-The metal that the cathode was made of did not affect the behavior of the ray.
Observations from JJ Thomson’s electron experiments.
41
What is the evidence from Thomson’s experiment that all atoms contain electrons?
A. The particles were attracted to the + electrode.
B. The particles were deflected by magnetic fields.
C. The particles were deflected by electrical fields.
D. The particles were identical regardless of the metal used for the cathode (where they were emitted from).
A.
42
JJ Thomson’s model of the atom is often called the ...
“Plum pudding" model
43
Ernest Rutherford discovered the ...
Nucleus
44
Rutherford's model of the atom is often called ...
The planetary model
45
Rutherford conducted his famous _____ experiment.
gold foil
46
What is an alpha particle?
An alpha particle has 2 protons and 2 neutrons. It is the nucleus of a helium atom.
47
Neutrons are harder to detect, why?
Neutrons are neutral so they can’t be manipulated with magnetic or electric fields, it's also buried in the nucleus.
48
Coulomb’s Law explains ...
How atoms interact using the idea that opposite charges attract and like charges repel.
49
What is an interaction?
An interaction is a force i.e. a push or a pull
50
Gravitational force is ...
Responsible for attraction between objects that have mass.
51
Electromagnetic force is ...
Responsible for attraction/repulsion between objects that have electric charge.
52
Strong force is ...
Short range interaction that occurs between objects made of quarks (like protons and neutrons, which are held together in the nucleus despite electrical repulsions between protons).
53
Weak force is ...
Short range interaction that occurs between elementary particles; weaker than electromagnetic or strong force.
54
A ball is thrown in the air. What forces are acting on the ball once it is in the air?
A. Gravitational
B. Electromagnetic
C. An upward force from his hand
D. There are no forces because nothing is touching the ball
E. A and C
A.
55
What happens to the gravitational force of attraction as the mass of the interacting objects increases?
A. Force increases
B. Force decreases
A.
56
What happens to the gravitational force of attraction as the distance between the objects increases?
A. Force increases
B. Force decreases
B.
57
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation can be modeled by this equation ...
F = G(m1*m2)/r^2,
58
Gravitational forces are mediated by ...
Gravitational fields
59
Gravitational forces require __________ objects.
2 or more
60
Gravitational forces are always ...
Attractive
61
The Electromagnetic Force is mediated by ...
Electric and magnetic fields
62
Electromagnetic forces act at ...
A distance
63
The electromagnetic force is ______ than gravity and can be ______.
Much stronger, both attractive and repulsive
64
Electrostatic force is ...
Forces between charged particles
65
If two objects have the same charge what happens?
A. They repel each other
B. They attract each other
C. Nothing
A.
66
If two objects have opposite charges what happens?
A. They repel each other
B. They attract each other
C. Nothing
B.
67
The electrostatic attraction between charged particles equation is ...
F = (kq1 * q1)/(r^2)
Similar to coulomb's law but not the same!
68
________ forces are too weak to be detected at the atomic/molecular level.
Gravitational
69
A ball is resting in a person's hand. What forces are acting on the ball?
A. Gravitational
B. Electrostatic
C. Both A and B
D. There are no forces because the ball is not moving
C.
70
The ______ force stops us from falling through the Earth.
Electrostatic
71
Any change in matter is accompanied by ...
A change in energy
72
Changes in energy are caused by ...
Changes in forces
73
Energy is always ...
Conserved
74
The unit for energy is ...
Joules
75
________ is the part of the universe you are looking at.
System
76
_______ are everything else in the universe.
Surroundings
77
(First Law of Thermodynamics)
Energy is never lost, it can only be ...
Transferred or transformed
78
All energy can be explained by two types of energy...
Kinetic and potential
79
Kinetic energy is associated with ...
Motion
80
The formula for kinetic energy is ...
KE= 1/2mv^2
81
As a ball moves toward the ground what happens to the kinetic energy?
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Stays the same
A.
82
Potential energy is stored in a sort of ...
'Field'
83
Potential energy is the energy associated with the ...
Position of a system of objects in a field
84
Potential energy can only exist when ...
There are two or more objects in a field
85
When the position of two object in a field changes, so does the ______ of the system.
Potential energy
86
As a ball moves toward the ground what happens to the potential energy of the system (ball + Earth)?
A. Increases
B. Decrease
C. Stays the same
B.
87
As a ball moves toward the ground the potential energy of the system (ball + Earth) decreases, what causes this?
A.The kinetic energy increasing
B. The change in position between the ball and earth in the gravitational field
C. The weight of the ball
B.
88
As a ball moves toward the ground what causes the ball to fall downward?
A. The potential energy of the system decreasing
B. The kinetic energy increasing
C. The gravitational interaction between the Earth and the ball
C.
89
As a ball moves toward the ground what happens to the total energy of the system (ball + Earth)?
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Stays the same
B.
90
Atoms are made up of ...
Charged particles
91
What makes the atoms stick together?
London Dispersion Force
92
As the two positives move closer together they fight against the ________ force more and more, this causes the _______ to increase.
Repulsive, potential energy
93
As the two unlike charges move farther apart the _______ decreases.
Potential energy
94
How many He atoms must be present for LDFs to exist?
A. None
B. One
C. Two or more
C.
95
An ______ dipole on an atom can create an ________ dipole in another atom, this causes them to attract.
Instantaneous, induced
96
As two atoms come together, what happens to the electrostatic force?
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays the same
A.
97
The ______ Coulombic interaction causes the atoms to approach.
Attractive
98
The attractive Coulombic interaction causes the atoms to approach but if they get too close, the electron clouds overlap and the ______ force becomes dominant.
Repulsive
99
As the atoms approach each other the potential energy ...
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays the same
B.
100
As the atoms move very close together the potential energy ...
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays the same
A.
101
As the atoms move even closer, which force is strongest? (graph)
A. Electrostatic attraction
B. Electrostatic repulsion
C. Gravitation
D. ES attraction = ES repulsion
B.
102
At the potential minimum, which force is strongest? (graph)
A. Electrostatic attraction
B. Electrostatic repulsion
C. Gravitation
D. ES attraction = ES repulsion
D.
103
As the atoms move toward each other, which force is strongest? (graph)
A. Electrostatic attraction
B. Electrostatic repulsion
C. Gravitation
D. ES attraction = ES repulsion
A.
104
As the atoms move even closer, the PE ______ . When they get too close together, the ______ force becomes strong enough to push the atoms apart.
Increases, repulsive
105
At the potential ______, the system is most stable. The attractive forces = the repulsive forces.
Minimum
106
As the atoms move together, the PE ______ (because they are moving with the ______ force).
Decreases, attractive
107
As the atoms initially approach what happens to the total energy?
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays the same
C.
108
As the atoms initially approach what happens to the kinetic energy?
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays the same
A.
109
As the atoms initially approach what happens to the potential energy?
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays the same
B.
110
As the atoms get very close (overlapping electron clouds) what happens to the total energy?
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays the same
C.
111
As the atoms get very close (overlapping electron clouds) what happens to the kinetic energy?
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays the same
B.
111
As the atoms get very close (overlapping electron clouds) what happens to the potential energy?
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays the same
A.
111
What can the the position of the PE well on the x-axis tell you?
A. The distance between the atom centers at their most stable point
B. How much energy would be needed to overcome the interaction
C. Nothing
A.
112
What can the the depth of the PE well tell you?
A. The distance between the atom centers at their most stable point
B. How much energy would be needed to overcome the interaction
C. Nothing
B.
113
______ is transferred to the atoms upon collision, causing them to move faster (because they have more _____).
Kinetic energy, KE
114
When a collision transfers enough KE to the two atoms in our system, the _____ between them is overcome and they fly apart.
Attractive force
115
Thermal energy is a measure of the ______ of the kinetic energies of all the atoms.
Sum
116
Temperature T is directly related to the ______ kinetic energy of the atoms.
Average
117
Kinetic energy is ________ to the atoms upon collision, causing them to move faster (because they have more KE).
Transferred
118
How do the atoms “know” the temperature is rising?
A. The air is warmer and warms the atoms.
B. The energy is transferred from other atoms that have collided with the walls of the container (that were directly heated).
C. The atoms move faster when the temperature increases.
D. The heat atoms bump into the other atoms.
B.
119
Which statement about the breaking of an attractive interaction between two atoms is true?
A. Energy is released.
B. Energy is absorbed.
C. Energy is released or absorbed depending on the polarity.
D. Energy is released or absorbed depending on the strength of the interaction being broken.
B.
120
Compared to He, the London Dispersion Forces between Xe atoms are expected to be ...
A. Stronger
B. Weaker
C. The same
A.
121
The LDF _______ with size of atom/molecule.
Increases
122
The LDF _______ with surface area.
Increases
123
The LDF is part of a range of _______ forces (between particles)
Intermolecular
124
Which do you think would have the higher melting and/or boiling point?
A. He
B. Xe
C. Same
B.
125
Which has the longer internuclear distance?
A. Helium atoms
B. Xenon atoms
B.
126
Which type of interaction is stronger?
A. Covalent bond
B. LDF
C. Equal strength
A.
127
_________ include London Dispersion Forces and other van der Waals interactions.
Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)
128
All IMFs occur _______ neutral molecules or atoms.
Between
129
At 5 K, what holds the nuclei together within an H2 molecule?
A. Gravity
B. LDFs
C. Covalent bond
C.
130
At 5 K, why do molecules of H2 stick to other molecules of H2?
A. Gravity
B. LDFs
C. Covalent bond
B.
131
Which statement about the breaking of a single chemical bond is true?
A. Energy is released.
B. Energy is absorbed.
C. Energy is released or absorbed depending on the polarity of the bond being broken.
D. Energy is released or absorbed depending on the strength of the bond being broken.
B.
132
Which statement about the forming of a single chemical bond is true?
A. Energy is released.
B. Energy is absorbed.
C. Energy is released or absorbed depending on the polarity of the bond being broken.
D. Energy is released or absorbed depending on the strength of the bond being broken.
A.
133
Breaking bonds requires an ______ (to the system). The energy is transferred ____ the system upon collision with other molecules.
Input of energy, into
134
Forming bonds ______ (from the system). The energy is transferred ______ the system upon collision with other molecules.
Releases energy, out of
