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Sociology 112 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Sociology?

A

The Scientific Study of Society - uses theories and research to better understand society and how we perceive a shared social reality.

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2
Q

Social Norms

A

The collective beliefs and expectations that are within a society.

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3
Q

Social Facts

A

Elements of the world that we have been brought up to recognize as real, natural or existing. (socially constructed - ex: Santa Claus)

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4
Q

Socialization

A

Structures the ways that people act and look at the world around them.

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5
Q

Three Levels of Sociological Analysis

A
  1. Macro-Sociological Approaches
  2. Micro-Sociological Approaches
  3. Middle-Range Sociological Approaches
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6
Q

Macro-Sociological Approaches

A

How the wider social structure impacts individuals lives. (large scale social processes)

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7
Q

Micro-Sociological Approaches

A

The ways in which individuals engage with the world. (small scale interactions)

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8
Q

Middle-Range Sociological Approaches

A

Focuses on the links between social structures and small groups. (argues there is a relationship where each influence each other).

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9
Q

Theory

A

a assumption or hypotheses, based on observations that social scientists develop to explain how societies operate.

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10
Q

Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives.

A

Theories that focus on how interactions between individuals and groups contribute to reality building and identity formation.

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11
Q

The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Endorses: Three Central Assumptions

A
  1. Society and all social structures are the creations of human populations.
  2. Social Norms and values are actively created, constructed, reinforced and changed by people through their interactions.
  3. Our actions, beliefs and interactions with the world are influenced and regulated by social norms and values.
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12
Q

Symbolic Interactionist Concepts

A
  1. Significant Symbols and the Generalized Other
  2. The Looking-Glass Self
  3. Social Scripts
  4. The Symbolic Universe.
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13
Q

Significant Symbols

A

Sociologist G.H. Mead - we associate significant symbols with meanings and are socialized to associate them with emotions, feelings or reactions. (Canadian Flag)

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14
Q

The Generalized Other

A

Being socialized with the same significant symbols allows us to take the position of ‘the generalized other’ - we can put ourselves in other people shoes, as long as they draw from the same symbols and experience as we do.

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15
Q

The Looking-Glass Self

A

Charles Cooley - we base our view of ourselves on how we assume others perceive us.

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16
Q

Social Scripts

A

Erving Goffman - Social norms and social facts that function as scripts we read off - we conduct ourselves as if giving a theatre performance.
Front Stage: the performance of ourselves that comes out when we’re engaging with others.
Back Stage: we reflect upon our conduct, then re-asses our self-worth or value against dominant social expectations.

17
Q

The Symbolic Universe

A

the norms and values members of a society regard as logical.
Can be challenged by:
1. Non-conformist’s
2. The presence of other symbolic universes. (other cultures)

18
Q

Sympathetic Introspection

A

Charles Cooley - a form of sociological analysis: the practice of figuring out why people act the way they do by putting themselves in their shoes (The Looking-Glass Self)

19
Q

Performance Theory (Dramaturgy)

A

Erving Goffman - the expectations we put on ourselves when we interact with others and our social institutions.

20
Q

Impression Management

A

We assume others judge us in accordance with dominant norms and values and therefore conform with them to meet expectations.

21
Q

Consensus Perspectives

A

Suggests that societies maintain harmony due to the presence of interconnected social institutions.

22
Q

Social Institutions

A

Designed to achieve common goals and reinforce the norms, values and beliefs that align with them.
( the education system, the justice system, the economic system - interconnected and interdependent - the collapse of one endangers the rest)

23
Q

The Collective Conscience

A

Related to the argument that the organization of society depends on populations sharing similar beliefs and world views.

24
Q

Conflict Perspectives

A

Argues that society is organized around inequality and exploitation between a small population that holds wealth, prestige and social power and a large population of ‘general publics.

25
Q

Hegemony

A

Populations with wealth and social authority control the agents of socialization that inform us of how the world works.

26
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Gives us a better understanding of the unique values that members of a group develop and the forms of practice they engage in.

27
Q

Max Weber

A

Suggested that the role of a sociologist should be to understand the community they are engaged in for their research.

28
Q

Verstehen

A

The practice of wanting to understand the thoughts behind the beliefs and practices of a different society by taking the perspective of the group under study.

29
Q

Qualitative Research Methods

A
  1. Ethnography
  2. Deconstruction (cultural analysis)
  3. Interviews
  4. Participant Observation
  5. Photovoice
  6. Participatory Action Research
30
Q

Ethnography

A

Studying the everyday lives of the members of a social group to understand how they develop and reinforce their shared understandings of the world. (The Chicago School - focused on the development of Chicago’s homeless and immigrant communities)

31
Q

Deconstruction

A

Unpacking the significance of shared trends in styles, artistic production and practice to help understand the values underlying them.

32
Q

Albert Cohen - Skinhead Culture

A

Three social forces:
1. depletion of the working class community.
2. increasing Youth poverty
3. Increasing Immigration
- the practices of the skinhead subculture were a symbolic attempt to conserve working-class culture and broadcasting claims to strength and dangerousness.

33
Q

Interviews

A

Forms of qualitative data about individuals associated with the practices of beliefs researchers wish to better understand.

34
Q

Interviews - Different ways

A
  1. Structured Interviews
  2. Semi-Structured Interviews
  3. Unstructured Interviews.
35
Q

Structured Interviews

A

The questions are predetermined.

36
Q

Semi-Structured Interviews

A

There are some questions that are strictly predetermined, they can talk about things beyond the questions.

37
Q

Unstructured Interviews

A

Some questions are predetermined, but they have freedom to have conversation about what the want.

38
Q

Participant Observation

A

Sociology 112 (1 decks)

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