Chapter 1-14 "So You Want To Be An Interpreter?" Flashcards
The Communication Process
An interactive and dynamic process in which communicators simultaneously send and receive multiple and overlapping messages.
Factors in a Contextual Environment
External Noise, physiological noise, and psychological noise
Why does the book call communication relational?
Because it is done with other people
What does context of the message mean?
Who we are communicating with and where this communication takes place.
How can one construct a message?
Explicitly or implicitly.
Using one word or phrase Define each term to match that word, Equivocal Language, Euphemistic Language, and Abstract.
Deliberate (equivocal), social acceptable (euphemistic), degrees of imprecision (abstract)
Passive Voice
When actions aren’t overtly stated
What is one example of Passive Voice the book provides?
A phone call was made.
Provide 2 examples of what register determines.
Choice of vocabulary and Speaker goals.
What type of register doesn’t have rules when it comes to turn taking?
Frozen Text
How does rate and volume affect interpreting? What example could be provided to clearly illustrate this?
The interpreter will have to make adjustments to fit the overall rate or volume. For example, a slower rate may cause the interpreter to enunciate signs more.
What are the five types of register?
Frozen, Consultative, Formal, Intimate and Casual.
Complete this statement; Culture is ____ and _____ .
enigmatic and largely amorphous.
Provide 3 examples of what culture defines?
Gender, Social Experiences, and Educational experiences.
How much percent of the world is a collectivist?
70%
Is the United States of America and Individual or Collectivist society?
Individual
From the chart in the book, contrast the difference of an Individual and Collectivist society.
In regards to shared knowledge, a collectivist society highly depends on one another for shared information such as history where a Individualist society depends on their own merit of knowledge gained through different practices.
According to Chapter 2 of the book, what dictates communication?
Cultural Identity/Culture
Communication takes place between what?
Two people.
Provide an example of interpersonal communication specifically how it relates to culture.
A Japanese male and American female marrying one another. Cultures will dictate their style of communication.
Provide other examples of where culture may dictate other factors.
Behavior, Communication norms, politeness.
What concept is implied in chapter three under word of caution? Hint; Starts with the letter “I” and discusses multiple identities one may hold.
Intersectionality.
What percent of Deaf people are born into hearing families? What might this imply?
90% of Deaf people and this could lead to language deprivation and hearing appropriation if the family does not know about Deaf culture.
Most Deaf people use _____ for ____ communication.
English, Written.
What does the book emphasize interpreters become comfortable with?
They must develop comfort with conversation that incorporates graphic visual description.
What is culture based on in the Deaf community?
Visual language
According to Chapter 3 of the book, what is important when communicating with a Deaf person(s).
Sustaining eye contact.
Complete this, Hearing people frequently perceive Deaf people as _________, ________, or even ________ due to the visual display of emotions that is more intense than what is used in hearing culture.
“highly emotional,” agitated, threatening.
What group of Deaf people does the book say are different from other cultural minorities in North America?
African American Deaf people.
Under “Interpreting with Native Deaf People” how many Native people are in the United States and Canada combined?
2.3 Million
What can affect communication styles when working with Native Deaf individuals?
Family Structure and tribal identity.
Do all Deaf native people utilize ASL? If not, what form of communication might they use?
No they don’t. They might use their native home signs.
T/F In the Native Communities(s) there is little separation of religion and medical treatment?
True
Amongst these cultures which one(s) value family/elders; Deaf, African American, Hispanic, or Native?
All of them.
What affects a person(s) sense of self?
Their identity and labeling, whom they chose to be and belong to.
What is the hearing perspective on Deaf culture?
An inability to hear - to have a Deficit in hearing.
What is the Deaf perspective on their own culture?
Unique to each individual and not seen as an impairment.
What does it mean when someone refers to themself as Deaf?
It means that they recognize and identify with ranges of hearing on the decibel spectrum.
What Decibel is considered to be Deaf?
56 or greater DB.
Are hearing deficit, hearing impaired, hearing loss appropriate ways to refer to people who are Deaf?
No, it can be culturally insensitive and seen as “stigmatizing” (87).
What does it mean for American Sign Language to be English based?
Its a manual representation of English.
What is the Rochester Method?
A form of English based signs that utilized fingerspelling.
What other forms of English based signs are there?
SEE 2, SEE 1, Signed English, Case.
What forms of American Sign Language are there?
Old, Traditional, Anglicized, and Modern.
What forms of Sign Language should interpreters be knowledgeable of and why?
All forms because Deaf people come from different backgrounds in regards to how they acquired their way to communicate.
What form of Signed English evolved primarily from interpreters?
CASE
What does CASE stand for and what does it mean?
It stands for Conceptually Signed English and they are signs that are selected based on the meaning of the idea being conveyed. (See Chapter 4, p. 94).
What is arguably a “natural progression in the evolution of ASL”?
Bragg
What are two examples of other forms of Sign Language interpreters should be aware of?
Home Signs and Gestures, and Foreign Sign Language.
What does the book refer to when discussing about Deaf people who have not developed competency or skill in any language?
Minimal Language Skills.
T/F - Some Deaf people don’t use Sign Language but instead prefer to speech read and use their own speech to communicate?
True.
Is Tactile Sign Language used by Deaf people?
No, its used by Deaf Blind people.
T/F - Sign Language Interpreters are to always respect each Deaf individuals identity regardless of how they refer to themselves.
True
According to the book, what do they conceptualize people who base their personal mental assessments of others as?
Psychological.
T/F - As interpreters we have to accept our BIAS and work to be self-aware and improve on it.
True.
What’s an example of Stereotyping in the Deaf community?
Labeling Deaf people as handicapped.
What is one harmful way the system tries to diminish the Deaf community?
Through health professionals who suggest Deaf children to assimilate to a hearing dominant norm rather than embrace their own culture.
Complete the statement; North American culture has _______ been a _______ culture.
Historically, White Man’s.
T/F - Most people consciously hurt, malign, or oppress others.
False.
T/F - Enforcing normalcy on others is healthy.
False.
What does the “fix it” mentality stem from?
Hearing people assuming Deaf people want to become hearing.
What type of group would say, “Why can’t Deaf people appreciate what I’m doing for them?”
Benefactor/Majority.
The act of Audism through systematic and social oppression has resulted in what?
As a resulted it has caused Deaf people to feel inadequate and have a low form of self-confidence.
Who said this, “We are silenced and silence ourselves in the face of cultural expectation that the speech of others is powerful and privileged”?
Clayton.
What is the type of hostility in which minority groups to turn on one other?
Horizontal Hostility.
What is the result of minority groups believing benefactors are perfect?
They in turn will depend on these benefactors.
T/F - Deaf people embrace the idea of liberation and equality?
False - not all accept this out of a Fear of Freedom.
What page would I refer to if I wanted to read about a Fear of Freedom?
P. 122
T/F - Institutionalized Oppression affects interpreters? If so why?
True because if we don’t recognizes how the system has displaced the community we serve then we are failing to be culturally competent and humble.
T/F - American Sign Language wasn’t accepted as a legitimate language until the late 20th century.
True.
T/F - Interpreters will work with plenty Deaf individuals who are scared by the ongoing disenfranchisement of the system.
True.
What does humor mean to minority groups?
Its a way to cope with the ongoing disenfranchisement that these groups are confronted with on a day to day basis.
T/F - Deaf people will always feel a sense of invasion and loss of privacy when working with interpreters.
True.
How are interpreters affected by oppression in the Deaf community?
They are witnesses to the verbal and behavioral discrimination Deaf people face in different environments from hearing people.
What is vicarious trauma?
It is trauma that results from observing another person(s) traumatic experience.
Do interpreters experience vicarious trauma?
Yes because they bare witness to the discrimination of ignorance of the hearing world and how they treat Deaf people(s).
How does the concept of power coincide with interpreters?
They hold a lot of power because in an interpreting environment, for example, you may be the only persons who fully understand what is happening in both languages.
Who started to challenge interpreters to consider their role in light of “historic oppression” (140)?
Charlotte Baker-Shenk.
Complete this statement; in order to ______ the ______, we have to sometimes _________ we are apart of the ________.
Fix, Problem, recognize, Problem.
Who wrote the article “The Interpreter: Machine, Advocate or Ally?”
Baker-Shenk.
What does your L1, and L2 mean?
L1 is your native tongue and L2 is a language learned secondary from your native tongue.
What does your L1, and L2 mean?
L1 is your native tongue and L2 is a language learned secondary from your native tongue.
In your own words describe what C-Language means to you.
It is when your L1 and L2 meet face to face and there happens to be a lot of utterances in your L1 because of trying to comprehend the L2.
What does SL stand for?
Source Language
What does TL stand for?
Target Language
Complete the Statement; When interpreting from the SL to the TL your ______ _______ changes depending on the rate and volume of the speaker.
Processing Time.
Complete the statement; ______ includes various forms of English based signing.
Transliteration.
How do you make spoken English visible for an oral Deaf person?
Utilize oral transliteration.
_____ refers to the process of taking one frozen form of one language and turning it into another frozen form of language.
Translation.
What does it mean to sight translate?
This means to turn a frozen form of one language into a spoken or signed form of another language.
An interpreter is a _______ and ________ professional.
Bilingual and Bicultural.
A ______ works between two forms of the same language.
Transliterator.
What two kinds of interpretation are there?
Simultaneous and Consecutive.
What work do interpreters do? (hint; as part of the actual interpreting process)
Sign to Voice and Voice to Sign or A-E, E-A.
Who are consumers?
Deaf people who utilize interpreting services.
What types of settings do interpreters work in?
One on One, Small Group, and Large Group.
Where in the book can I locate a chart of different examples of settings interpreters work in?
P. 159 - P. 161
How many philosophical frames does the book address?
4.
What are the names of these philosophical frames?
Helper, Conduit, Language Facilitation, and Bilingual-bicultural.
Which philosophy is also known as the machine philosophy?
Conduit.
Which model lead to a rigid interpretation of the Code of Ethics?
Conduit Model.
In the mid 1970’s this model was introduced.
The communication facilitation.
What model is considered the mid-point between the helper and conduit model?
Bicultural-Bilingual.
What is it called when interpreters make it a goal to keep their audience engaged and interacted with the SL?
Maintaining dynamic equivalence.
What does it mean to culturally expand?
Providing contextual information around the SL into the TL so that the consumer can fully understand what is being conveyed.
Why are cultural needs important in the field of interpreting?
This is significant because what may be considered culturally appropriate in one language, doesn’t mean its culturally acceptable in another. Understanding and conveying those differences help with message equivalency.
What two features lack in the other models or philosophical frames?
The reality that interpreters are human beings not machines and the power inherent in the position of the interpreter.
Does ASL and English share the same grammatical identity?
No/False.
What does it mean when speech has pauses and phraseology?
This has to do with Prosody.
What does it mean to drop SL form?
This means to let go of any form of the SL that could cause any source language intrusions in the TL.
Does ASL have a written form?
No.
Because Deaf people utilize English to write, does that mean that American Sign Language is a visual form of English?
No, this is a common misconception.
When a word has more than one intent behind it such as RUN, what does that mean for the interpreter?
They have to pay attention to context so that they can convey meaning.
______ is indirect whereas _____ is direct.
English, American Sign Language.
How many kinds of expansions are there?
7 kinds of expansions.
List the seven type of expansions
Contrasting, Faceting, Reiterating, Role-Shifting/Incorporation of 3-D information, Noun-Listing/Examples, Couching/Nesting, and Describe Then Do.
CANT GO PARTY CANT is an example of what?
Reiterating.
ME HAPPY, SMILE-ON-FACE, SATISFIED is an example of what?
Faceting.
ASL takes what is ______ in English and makes it ______.
Implicit, Explicit.
In ASL ______ always come first in grammar.
Time.
Lexical and semantic units are grouped into workable units or ______ .
Chunks.
Interpreters will face the challenge of ______ _______ _______ ________.
Managing the Overall Process.
What are the five steps of the interpreting process?
Take in Source Language, Identify Deep Structure Meaning, Apply contextual schema, formulate TL utterance, and produce interpretation.
Keeping interpreting in mind, why is critical thinking so important?
It’s your ability to understand the text, the message at a deeper level. By doing this you are able to go for intent and goal.
What is schema?
Prior knowledge that the interpreter brings to an assignment.
Before entering an interpreted environment an interpreter is expected to _________.
Predict.
What should the interpreter predict?
The Who, where, and relationship between the consumers. Contextual Factors.
Interpreters must know the parameters of what?
Target Culture.
What are three main examples the book suggests to do when processing?
Multi-task and monitor, contextually scan, and Monitor overall process.
Are interpreters trained to use first or second person when interpreting?
First Person.
What does it mean to ask for Clarification?
It means that you should not start interpreting until you understand what is being signed/said.
When working with uninitiated customers what type of skills are required?
Self-Advocacy skills.
What year did the interpreting scene change?
1964.
Have interpreters always been paid for services?
Prior to 1964, no, most interpreters were volunteers and connected with the person in need of the services.
What decades does the book considered to be, “increased social conscious”?
The 1960’s and 70’s.
What were the background of people who founded the RID?
Deaf family members, teachers of the Deaf and clergy involved in Deaf ministries.
What implications did the RID founders have on the Deaf community? Provide one.
This is where the helper model came into play and a concern that non-native deaf people were influencing the community and culture.
Who is one founder the Book mentions of RID?
Lillian Beard.
What were the original purposes of the RID?
Publishing a registry of interpreters, Investigating evaluation and certification systems, and Informing the public about interpreting services.
What are the membership categories within the RID?
Certified, Associate, Supporting, Student, and Organizational.
What membership category do interpreters fall under?
Certified.
How often do members vote for a new board?
Every 2 years.
What are 2 benefits of being an RID member?
Reduce rates on RID publications and access to consultation, advice, and direction from organizational leaders.
When did the RID evaluation of Sign Language interpreters begin?
1972.
What replaced all existing reverse skill certificates?
Certified Deaf Interpreter.
What year did the RID require all applicants to have a Bachelors degree before becoming certified?
2016.
How many hours and years of experience must an interpreter have if she wants to become legally certified?
Five years of experience, 75 hours of legal interpreting, and 50 hours of formal legal training.
What category do those requirements fall under?
Category 2.
In _____, _____ _____ published his seminal text a __________________.
1965, William Stokoe, A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles.
How does the book define Ethics?
A set of principles that defines what is judged appropriate or inappropriate, right or wrong.
What is one guideline for professional conduct?
Dettering inappropriate and immoral conduct.
How many guidelines does the book address in regards to professional conduct?
Six.
When was the NAD-RID code of professional conduct adopted?
In 2005.
How many tenants are in the code of professional conduct?
7 tenets.
What are these tenets followed by?
Guiding principles for each tenet.
What professional conduct relates to trust in the NAD-RID CPC?
Confidentiality.
Ethical decision making requires ____ _____.
Critical Thinking.
In practicing principles where can a student locate this in the book and how many are there?
P. 312-318 and there are 9 steps.
What type of professional setting do recent interpreter graduates work in?
The educational setting.
What does VRI stand for?
Video Relay Interpreting.
What does the book suggest a team be required for?
Assignments lasting for more than 50 minutes.
What is the Deaf population in Dallas Texas?
13,000.
Deaf people tend to congregate in _______ .
Metropolitan areas.
What are the most common types of employment?
As a staff interpreter in interpreter agencies and In mainstreamed classrooms ranging from K-12 and into a variety of post secondary settings.
What is one strategy to mitigate against Repetitive Strain Injury?
Regular exercise and good nutrition. This will help to keep your bones and muscles strong and healthy and be able to sustain the strain with more muscle support.
