Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
Study of structure (Form)
What is Physiology?
Study of FUNCTION
What is Cytology?
Study of Cells
What is Histology?
Study of Tissues
What is the Organizational Structure of life?
Atoms-Molecules-Organelles-Cells-Tissues-Organ-Organ System-Organism
What are tissues?
Group of cells that have similar function
What are atoms?
Smallest part of anything and can not be broken down
What are molecules?
2+ atoms bonded together
What are organelles?
structure that has one or more job to perform in a cell
What are cells?
Smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes
What are organs?
Collection of tissues that form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular task
What is an organ system?
Group of organs that work together in the body to perform a complex function
What is an organism?
a living being that has a cellular structure and can independently perform all functions necessary for life
What are the characteristics of life?
Maintaining Boundaries/ Movement/ Responsiveness/ Digestion/ Metabolism/Excretion/ Reproduction/ Growth/
What does maintaining boundaries mean?
Cell membranes and the skin helps to protect living things from invasion of foreign substances from the outside
What does Responsiveness mean?
The ability of an organism to sense and react to stimuli
What does Movement mean?
Movements can be either from place to place or movement of substances internally peristalsis or blood within vessels
What does Digestion mean?
Being able to break down the food products that are ingested
What does Metabolism mean?
Sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in the organism
What are the two types of metabolism?
Anabolism and Catabolism
What is Anabolism?
Type of Metabolism: Complex molecules formed from simpler ones
What is Catabolism?
Type of Metabolism: Complex molecules are broken into simpler ones
What is excretion?
The removal of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body
What is Reproduction?
All living organisms can produce copies of themselves and genetic information and traits to their offspring
What is Growth?
An increase in size
What are the parts of Homeostatic Mechanism?
Receptor, Integrating (control) Center, Effector
What is the Receptor?
Structure that sense a change in the body
What is the Integrating( Control) Center?
Mechanism that processes the information and initiates the response
What is the effector?
Structure that carries out the response that restores homeostasis
What is homeostasis?
Helps maintain a steady stable environment
What is Negative Feedback?
The fundamental mechanism that keeps a variable close to its set point
What is an example of negative feedback?
Turning off the furnace
What is Positive Feedback?
Self-Amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
What is an example of Positive Feedback?
Oxytocin production during childbirth and platelet aggregation
What is the Axial Region?
Head, Neck, Trunk
What is the Appendicular Region?
Appednages: Upper and Lower Limbs
What is the Anatomical Position?
Body is erect and feet are flat on the floor and close together, head and palms facing to the front
What are the Anatomical Planes?
Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse
What is the Sagittal plane?
Passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions
What is the Frontal plane?
Extends vertically, separating the body into anterior and posterior sections
What is the Transverse plane?
Divides the body into superior and inferior
What is Homeostatic Imbalance?
Any condition where homeostasis is upset and balance is out of range and can lead to a diseased state
What are the survival needs?
Nutrients, Water, Oxygen, Normal Body Temperature, Atmospheric Temperature
What are the body cavities?
Dorsal, Ventral, Thoracic, Abdominopelvic
What is the Dorsal Body Cavity?
Cranial and Vertebral cavities
What is the Ventral Body Cavity?
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities
What is the Thoracic Cavity?
Mediastinum (Heart), Pleural Cavities (Lungs)
What is the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
Digestive Viscera, Urinary, Reproductive Organs
What are Serous Membranes?
Double layered membranes that have a thin layer of serous fluid (secreted by the cells of the membrane)
What are the two layers of the Serous Membranes?
Inner Layer: Visceral, lines the organ
Outer Layer: Parietal, lines the inner surface of the cavity that the organ is contained within
What is the purpose of the serous membranes?
To reduce friction caused by organs that produce movement
What are the major serous membranes?
Pericardium, Pleurae, Peritoneum
What is the Pericardium?
Surrounds the heart
What is the Pleurae?
Surrounds the lungs
What is the Peritoneum
Surrounds most of the digestive organs
What are the Directional terms?
Superior, Inferior, Ventral, Dorsal, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep
Scientific Method Essay
Observation: Put bread in the toaster and it doesn’t toast
Question: Why won’t my bread toast
Hypothesis: The outlet is broken
Make prediction: If I plus toaster into different outlet then the toaster will work
Test Prediction: Plug toaster into different outlet and try again
Iterate: Hypothesis right: Bread got toasted
Hypothesis wrong: Bread did not get toasted
