CHAPTER 1

Question 1

defined as the science of determining the position, in three dimensions, of natural and manmade features on or beneath the surface of the Earth.

Answer 1

Surveying

Question 2

Representations of surveying

Answer 2

Analog (contoured map, plan or chart)

Digital (DGM,digital ground model – three
dimensional mathematical model)

Question 3

2Types of Surveying

Answer 3

Plane Surveying
Geodetic Surveying

Question 4

deals with small areas on the surface of the earth assuming the surface of the land to be plane. Curvature of the earth is neglected.

Answer 4

Plane surveying

Question 5

deals withvast areas, so curvature has to beconsidered.

Answer 5

Geodetic surveying

Question 6

are used to reference both preliminary and layout surveys. Horizontal control can be arbitrarily placed, but it is usually tied directly to property lines, roadway centerlines, or coordinated control stations.

Answer 6

Control Surveys

Question 7

is often a series of benchmarks, permanent points whose elevations above a datum (e.g., MSL) have been carefully determined

Answer 7

Vertical control

Question 8

Classes of Surveying

Answer 8

Preliminary surveys
Layout Surveys

Question 9

data gathering) gather
geospatial data (distances, positions, and
angles) to locate physical features (e.g.,
water boundaries, trees, roads, structures,
or property markers) so that the data can be
plotted to scale on a map or plan. It also include the determination of differences in elevation (vertical distances) so that elevations and contours may also be plotted.

Answer 9

Preliminary surveys

Question 10

involve marking the precise locations of structures, roads, utilities, and other features on the ground based on design plans. This ensures that construction activities take place in the correct positions and with the required dimensions.

Answer 10

Layout Surveys

Question 11

Other type of Surveys

Answer 11

Topographic surveys
Hydrographic surveys
Route surveys
Property surveys
Final(“as-built”) surveys
Aerial Surveys
Construction surveys

Question 12

a type of land survey that focuses on
accurately mapping the natural and manmade features of a piece of land. The purpose of a _____________ is to represent the three-dimensional characteristics of the terrain, including its elevation, contours, vegetation, water bodies, structures, and other significant details.

Answer 12

Topographic Surveys

Question 13

type of survey that focuses on mapping and
describing underwater features of bodies of
water such as oceans, seas, rivers, lakes,
and harbors. The primary objective is to collect data about
the depth of the water, the shape of the
underwater terrain (bathymetry), and the
characteristics of the water column itself.

Answer 13

Hydrographic surveys

Question 14

a type of survey conducted to assess and plan the best possible path or route for various purposes such as transportation, utility installation, infrastructure development, and military operations The goal is to gather essential information about the terrain, obstacles, existing features, and potential challenges along a specific path.

Answer 14

Route surveys

Question 15

a detailed examination and mapping of a piece of land’s boundaries, physical features, and characteristics. Play a crucial role in establishing property lines, resolving boundary disputes, and providing accurate information for various land-related transactions and developments.

Answer 15

Property surveys

Question 16

is conducted to document and verify the final construction and placement of improvements on a property or construction site. This survey is performed after construction is completed or significant modifications have been made to existing structures.

Answer 16

Final(“as-built”) surveys

Question 17

Involve the collection of data and information about the Earth’s surface from an elevated perspective using aircraft, drones (unmanned aerial vehicles, UAVs), or satellites. These surveys are commonly used in various fields to capture detailed and accurate information over large areas, and they offer several advantages compared to ground-based surveys.

Answer 17

Aerial Surveys

Question 18

These surveys involve the precise marking and measurement of points on a construction site to ensure that structures and improvements are built according to design plans and specifications. Play a pivotal role in translating design concepts into physical reality, maintaining accuracy, and preventing errors during the construction phase.

Answer 18

Construction surveys

Question 19

SURVEYING EQUIPMENTS

Answer 19

Steel tapes
Level and Rod
Theodolites
Total station
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

Question 20

are traditional tools used in land surveying for measuring distances. They consist of a ribbon-like strip of steel with graduated markings that allow surveyors to measure distances with precision.

Answer 20

Steel tapes

Question 21

are fundamental tools used in land surveying for measuring vertical distances or elevations. These tools are commonly employed to determine the height difference between two points on the ground or between a point on the ground and a benchmark. The level and rod are often used in conjunction to perform precise leveling tasks in various surveying applications.

Answer 21

Level and Rod

Question 22

is a precise surveying instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles in various applications, including land surveying, construction, engineering, and navigation. The theodolite consists of a telescope mounted on a rotating base, allowing it to measure both horizontal and vertical angles.

Answer 22

theodolite

Question 23

is an advanced electronic surveying instrument that combines the functionalities of a theodolite, an electronic distance measuring (EDM) device, and a data processing system.

Answer 23

total station

Question 24

Is a term used world-wide to describe the various satellite positioning systems now in use, or in various stages of implementation and planning. Global positioning system (GPS) is the term used to describe the U.S. NAVSTAR positioning system, which was the original fullyoperational GNSS. GLONASS describes the Russian satellite positioning system, which is also now fully operational;

Answer 24

Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS)

Question 25

Distances between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical and arerecorded in feet (foot units) or meters (SI units) (see Figure 1-10). Horizontaland slope distances can be measured with a fiberglass or steel tape or with anelectronic distance measuring device.

Answer 25

Distance Measurement

Question 26

Distance Measuring Techniques

Answer 26

Pacing
Odometer
Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
Distances Obtained from Positioning Techniques
Stadia
Gunter’s Chain

Question 27

is a very useful (although imprecise) technique of distance measurement. Surveyors can determine the length of pace that, for them, can be comfortably repeated. An individual’s length of pace can be determined by repeatedly pacing between two marks a set distance apart (say, 100 ft or 30 m).

Answer 27

Pacing

Question 28

When beginning a survey, the surveyor often has to distinguish between fence lines abutting a road; the automobile odometer can be quite useful in measuring distance from a known corner to the fence-marked property lines that define the area to be surveyed. Also, a measuring wheel (12–24-in. diameter) equipped with an odometer can be used in traffic investigations to measure distances at an accident scene.

Answer 28

Odometer

Question 29

function by sending a light wave or microwave along the path to be measured and then measuring the phase differences between the transmitted and received signals. For microwaves, two instruments are placed at each end to measure. For light waves, just one instrument is needed with a reflecting prism at the other end. Short distances allow direct reflection to the instrument (reflectorless EDM).

Answer 29

Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)

Question 30

Ground location can be ascertained through satellite positioning and a variety of remotesensing methods. Once the positional coordinates are established, calculating the distances between those points becomes straightforward.

Answer 30

Distances Obtained from Positioning
Techniques

Question 31

Is now an obsolete form of indirect measurement that uses a telescopic crosshair configuration to assist in determining distances. Additional crosshairs (stadia hairs) are positioned in the telescope an equal distance above and below the main crosshair such that when the interval (as measured on a leveling rod) between the upper and lower stadia hairs is multiplied by a constant (usually 100), the ground distance is determined.

Answer 31

Stadia

Question 32

When North America was first surveyed (in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries), the distance measuring device in use was the Gunter’s chain. It was 66 ft long and was composed of 100 links. The length of 66 ft was apparently chosen because of its relationships to other units in the Imperial System:

Answer 32

Gunter’s Chain

Question 33

are manufactured in both foot and metric units and come in various lengths, markings, and weights. Tapes come in many lengths, but the 100-ft or 100m length is the most commonly used.

Answer 33

Steel Tapes

Question 34

Tape Corrections:

Answer 34

Tape too long:
Add correction when measuring distances
Subtract correction when laying out Distances

Tape too short:
Subtract correction when measuring distances
Add correction when laying out Distances