Chapter 1 Flashcards
investigates body structure
and the term means to dissect
Anatomy
investigates processes and functions
physiology
(Types of Physiology) : studies body organ-systems
systemic physiology
(Types of Physiology) : studies body cells
cellular physiology
(Types of Anatomy) : studies body organ-systems
systemic anatomy
(Types of Anatomy) : studies body regions (medical schools)
regional anatomy
(Types of Anatomy) : studies external features, for example, bone
projections
surface anatomy
six level of structural and functional organizatio
Chemical - Cellular - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism
(Types of Anatomy) : using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI)
Anatomical imaging
(Types of Physiology) : studies the human organism
human physiology
smallest level
of organization. it includes atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
chemical organization
basic unit of matter
atom
basic unit of life
cell
group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release
tissues
two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s)
organs
group of organs contributing to some function
organ-system
all organ systems working together
organisms
functional interrelationships between parts
organization
sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism. the ability to acquire and use energy in support of these
changes
metabolism
ability to sense and respond to environmental changes. it includes both internal and external environments
responsiveness
ability to increase in size
growth
changes in form and size. changes in cell structure and function from
generalized to specialized—differentiation.
development
formation of new cells or new organisms ; generation of new individuals
; tissue repair
reproduction
maintenance of constant internal environment despite
fluctuations in the external or internal environment
homeostasis
_____________ is the main mechanism used
homeostatic regulation.
Negative feedback
(components of feedback) : detects changes in variable
Receptor
(components of feedback) : receives receptor signal
; establishes set point
; sends signal to effector
control center
(components of feedback) : directly causes change in variable
Effector
________________ mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
Positive feedback
person standing erect with
face and palms forward ; all relational descriptions
based on the anatomical
position, regardless of
body orientation
Anatomical position
(directional terms) : above
superior
(directional terms) : below
inferior
(directional terms) : front
anterior / ventral
(directional terms) : back
posterior / dorsal
(directional terms) : close to midline
medial
(directional terms) : away from midline
lateral
close to point of
attachment
proximal
far from point of
attachment
distal
structure close to the surface
superficial
structure toward the
inferior of the body
deep
separates the body into right and left parts
Sagittal plane
a sagittal plane
along the midline that divides body into equal left and right halves
Median plane
a horizontal
plane that separates the body into superior and inferior parts.
Transverse plane
a vertical plane that separates the body into anterior
and posterior parts.
Frontal plane
body region in upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
upper limb
body region in thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
lower limb
body region in head, neck, trunk
central region
space within chest wall
and diaphragm ; contains heart, lungs,
thymus gland,
esophagus, trachea
thoracic cavity
space between lungs ; contains heart, thymus
gland, esophagus,
trachea
mediastinum
between diaphragm and pelvis ; contains stomach,
intestines, liver, spleen,
pancreas, kidneys
abdominal cavity
space within pelvis ; contains urinary bladder,
reproductive organs,
part of large intestine
Pelvic cavity
Line trunk cavities, cover organs
serous membrane
membrane that covers organs
visceral serous membrane
outer membrane
parietal serous membrane
a fluid-filled space between the membranes
cavity
membrane around heart
Pericardium
membrane around lungs
pleura
membrane around abdominopelvic cavity and its organs
peritoneum
