chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy Definition
The structure of body parts and their relationships to each other. (Greek - to cut apart)
Regional Anatomy
The whole body
Systemic Anatomy
discussing one of the systems
Physiology Definition
The function of the body; how the body works and carries out activities.
Anatomy and Physiology
Function (Physiology) always reflects structure (anatomy).
Body organization order
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
(Char) Keep internal and external environments separate.
Maintaining Boundaries. Ex- Integumentary system (skin) keeps the entire body enclosed.
(Char) Activities promoted by the muscular system
Movement. Ex - Blood, urine and food are moved throughout the body.
(Char) The ability to sense changes in the environment and the respond to them
Responsiveness (excitability)
(Char) The breaking down of ingested foods to the simplest molecules that can be absorbed into the blood for delivery to all of the cells
Digestion
(Char) Chemical reactions the occur within the body cells. Controlled largely by hormones
Metabolism
Breaking down substances to simpler building blocks
Catabolism (metabolism)
Building more complex structures from simple substances
Anabolism (metabolism)
(Char) The process of removing wastes from the body
Excretion
(Char) The making of offspring. Sexual/asexual
Reproduction. Ex - Mitosis, meiosis, birth
(Char) An increase in size of a body part or entire organism. Cells increase in size or number.
Growth
The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions. When needs are met and the body is functioning smoothly.
Homeostasis. Ex - blood pressure, pH, temperature
- Receptor (Homeo. Control)
a “sensor” that monitors the environment and responses to stimuli
- Control Center (Homeo. Control)
Receives input from the receptor, determines the set point (how much control is needed)
- Effector (Homeo. Control)
provides the mean for the control center’s response to the stimulus
Negative Feedback (most common form of homeostasis)
A variable triggers a counteracting response to get back to homeostasis. Ex - You get too hot, you body produces sweat to lower your temperature back to its original temp .
Positive Feedback
Instead of counteracting the variable, the body intensifies it/ makes more. Ex - birth. more hormones produce more contractions, making more hormones leading to more contractions, etc.
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Anterior/posterior, front and back
Sagittal Plane (2 types)
Right and left.
1. equal halves - midsagittal
2. unequal halves - parasagittal
Transverse (cross section)
upper/lower, top/bottom
Superior
Upper half
Inferior
Lower Half
Ventral Cavity
(Front, Anterior). Contains thoracic cavity - heart, lungs and major vessels of the heart.
Dorsal Cavity
(Back, Posterior). Includes brain and spinal cord.
Upper Half of the leg/arm (above knees/elbow)
Proximal
Lower half of the legs/arm (below knees/elbow)
Distal
Brain
Cranial Cavity
Spinal Cord
Vertebral Cavity
Body Cavitiy
A space that is lined with a membrane. Never empty, filled with organs and their supporting structures
Smaller cavities within the Ventral Cavity
Pericardial (heart)
Pleural (lungs)
Mediastinum
Superior (above) to the heart. Contains thymus gland and major heart vessels.
Smaller cavities within the Dorsal Cavity
oral, nasal, middle ear, orbital
Abdominal Cavity
stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, and part of the large intestine
Pelvic cavity
bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, and part of the large intestine
Thin sheets of cells and proteins that line the openings and cavities of the body
membranes
Line the inside walls of the ventral cavities and cover the visceral (internal) organs. Has an inner and outer layer.
serous membranes
Parietal Layer
Outer membrane layer, attaches to cavity wall
Visceral Layer
Inner membrane layer, adheres to organ
Small amount of fluid between membrane layers that reduces the friction made when organs shift.
Serous Fluid
Membrane that covers the heart
Pericardium
Membrane that covers the lungs
Pluera
Membrane that covers the abdomen
Peritoneum
