CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
define anatomy
studies the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another. body structures can be seen, felt, and examined closely
define physiology
studies the function of the body. explains how the body parts work and how they carry out sustaining activities.
gross/macroscopic anatomy
the study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye (heart, kidneys, lungs)
regional anatomy
body structures such as muscles, blood vessels, bones, tissues etc in a specific region are examined at once
systemic anatomy
body structure is studied by specific system (cardiovascular system-you would examine the heart and blood vessels throughout the entire body)
surface anatomy
study of internal structures as they relate to the underlying skin surface (bulging muscles from a body builder)
microscopic anatomy
studies the structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Some body structures too thin to be seen are studied through microscopes.
cytology
the study of the cells in the body
histology
the study of tissue
developmental anatomy
traces the structural changes that occur throughout the life span
embryology
the study of developmental changes that occur before birth
chemical level
simplest; atoms, molecules, organelles, cells
cellular level
many different sizes, shapes, which reflect their functions
tissue level
groups of similar cells that have similar functions
organ level
structures that are made up of 3 or more tissue types
organ system
organs that work closely together
organismal level
highest level, all structural levels working together to promote life
4 tissue types
epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective
5 things an organism needs to maintain life
movement, metabolism, excretion, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, digestion
survival needs
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure
homeostasis
ability to maintain a stable internal environment even though the outside environment is continuously changing. in order for this to happen and be maintained, communication within body is needed. Two systems help maintain this: nervous system and endocrine system
receptor
some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) by sending information (input) to the 2nd component through the afferent pathway
control center
determines the level or range at which the variable is to be maintained. it analyzes the input and determines the appropriate response
effector
provides the means for the control centers response (output) to the stimulus. Info flows from the CC to effector through efferent pathway. This response is in the “feedback”
negative feedback loop
control mechanism that is shut off. it is a sudden change that affects homeostasis. most body mechanisms is this. prevents sudden severe changes within the body (ex; body temp, regulation of heart, regulation of BP)
positive feedback loop
control mechanism that enhances reaction (continues at faster rate) until ultimate goal is reached. controls infrequent events. on until turned off. does not require continuous adjustments. Blood clotting and labor are examples
