Chapter 1

Question 1

Pathology is the study (_______) of disease (________). What are the corresponding greek terminologies?

Answer 1

study - logos
disease - pathos

Question 2

Pathology is devoted to the study of the __________, _____________, and __________ in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.

Answer 2

structural, biochemical, and functional changes

Question 3

How does pathology attempt to explain the whys and wherefores of the signs and symptoms manifested by patients while providing a rational basis for clinical care and therapy?

Answer 3

Use of molecular, microbiologic, immunologic, and morphologic techniques

Question 4

This serves as the bridge between the basic sciences and clinical medicine, and is the scientific foundation for all of medicine.

Answer 4

Pathology

Question 5

2 types of pathology studies

Answer 5

General Pathology
Systemic Pathology

Question 6

This study of pathology is concerned with tht reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli and to inherited defects, which are the main causes of disease.

Answer 6

General pathology

Question 7

This study of pathology examines the alterations in specialized organs and tissues that are responsible for disorders that involve these organs.

Answer 7

Systemic pathology

Question 8

What are the four aspects of a disease process that form the core of pathology?

Answer 8

1. Etiology
2. Pathogenesis
3. Molecular and morphologic changes
4. Clinical Manifestations

Question 9

Pertains to a disease’s cause.

Answer 9

Etiology

Question 10

Pertains to a disease’s mechanisms of its development.

Answer 10

Pathogenesis

Question 11

Pertains to a disease’s biochemical and structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body.

Answer 11

Molecular and morphologic changes

Question 12

Pertains to a disease’s functional consequence of certain changes.

Answer 12

Clinical manifestations

Question 13

Two major classes of etiologic factors

Answer 13

Genetic and Acquired

Question 14

What etiologic factor is being described: inherited mutations and disease-associated gene variants, or polymorphisms.

Answer 14

Genetic

Question 15

What etiologic factor is being described: infectious, nutritional, chemical, and physical.

Answer 15

Acquired

Question 16

This refers to the sequence of events in the response of cells or tissues to the etiologic agent, from the inital stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease.

Answer 16

Pathogenesis

Question 17

This refers to the structural alterations in cells or tissues that are either characteristic of a disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process.

Answer 17

Morphologic changes

Question 18

This reveals genetic differences that predict the behavior or tumors as well as their responsiveness to different therapies.

Answer 18

Molecular analysis

Question 19

The end results of genetic, biochemical, and structural changes in cells and tissues.

Answer 19

Functional abnormalities

Question 20

Symptoms and signs of disease

Answer 20

clinical manifestations

Question 21

Progress of a disease

Answer 21

clinical course and outcome

Question 22

He conceptualized the in the 19th century that all forms of disease start with molecular or structural alterations in cells.

Answer 22

Rudolf Virchow

Question 23

He is the father of modern pathology

Answer 23

Rudolf Virchow

Question 24

Injury to cells and to extracellular matrix ultimately leads to …

Answer 24

tissue and organ injury

Question 25

The normal cells is confined to a fairly narrow range of function and structure by its state of _______, _______, and __________.

Answer 25

metabolism, differentiation, and specialization

Question 26

Steady state of cells

Answer 26

homeostasis

Question 27

Reversible functional and structural responses to more severe physiologic stresses and some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady states are achieved, allowing the cell to survive and continue to function.

Answer 27

Adaptations

Question 28

Increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ

Answer 28

Hypertrophy

Question 29

Increase in the number of cells resulting in increased mass of the organ or tissue

Answer 29

Hyperplasia

Question 30

Reduced in the size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number

Answer 30

Atrophy

Question 31

Change in the phenotype of cells

Answer 31

Metaplasia

Question 31

Stressors in the normal cell cause it to...

Answer 31

Adapt

Question 32

This happens when cells are unable to adapt

Answer 32

Cell injury

Question 33

What happens when cell injury becomes severe and progressive?

Answer 33

Irreversible injury

Question 34

What occurs after injury becomes irreversible?

Answer 34

Necrosis or apoptosis

Question 35

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus Altered physiological stimuli; some nonlethal injurious stimuli

Answer 35

Cellular adaptations

Question 36

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus Increased demand, increased stimulation (e.g., by growth factors, hormones)

Answer 36

Hyperplasia, hypertrophy

Question 37

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus Decreased nutrients, decreased stimulation

Answer 37

Atrophy

Question 38

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus Chronic irritation (physical or chemical)

Answer 38

Metaplasia

Question 39

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus Reduced oxygen supply; chemical injury; microbial infection

Answer 39

Cell injury

Question 40

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus Acute and transient

Answer 40

Acute reversible injury Cellular swelling fatty change

Question 41

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus Progressive and severe (including DNA damage)

Answer 41

Irreversible injury which leads to cell death: necrosis and apoptosis

Question 42

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus Metabolic alterations, genetic or acquired, chronic injury

Answer 42

Intracellular accumulations; calcification

Question 43

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus Cumulative sublethal injury over long life span

Answer 43

Cellular aging

Question 44

This event follows when the limits of adaptive responses are exceeded or if cells are exposed to injurious agents or stress, deprived of essential nutrients, or become compromised by mutations that affect essential cellular constituents.

Answer 44

Cell injury

Question 45

End result of progressive cell injury that is the most crucial event in the evolution of disease in any tissue or organ.

Answer 45

Cell death

Question 45

True or False. Cell injury is reversible.

Answer 45

Yes, but if stimulus persists and cell suffers, it becomes irreversible and leads to cell death

Question 46

Causes of cell death

Answer 46

Ischemia (reduced blood flow) Infection Toxins

Question 47

True or false. Cell death is an abnormal process in embryogenesis, development of organs, and maintenance of homeostasis.

Answer 47

False. It is normal.

Question 48

An adaptive cellular response trigerred by nutrient deprivation.

Answer 48

Autophagy

Question 49

Results from calcium often being deposited at sites of cell death

Answer 49

Pathologic calcification

Question 50

Adaptations are reversible changes in _____, _____, _______, ________, or ______ of cells in response to changes in their environment.

Answer 50

size number phenotype metabolic activity function

Question 51

This is due to the synthesis of more structural components of the cells.

Answer 51

Hypertrophy

Question 52

How do cells that are capable of division respond to stress?

Answer 52

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Question 53

How do nondividing cells respond to stress?

Answer 53

Hypertrophy

Question 54

The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle

Answer 54

Increased workload

Question 55

Bugling muslces of body builders engaged in pumping iron a. Hypertrophy b. Hyperplasia

Answer 55

Hypertrophy

Question 56

Massive physiologic growth of the uterus during pregnancy a. hypertrophy b. hyperplasia

Answer 56

hypertrophy (of muscle fibers)

Question 57

The result of increased production of cellular proteins.

Answer 57

Hypertrophy

Question 58

Responsible for hypertrophy

Answer 58

synthesis of muscle proteins

Question 59

Hypertrophy may also be associated with a switch of _________.

Answer 59

Contractile proteins (from adult to fetal or neonatal)

Question 60

Genes only during early development are expressed in

Answer 60

hypertrophic cells

Question 61

Individuals treated with drugs such as barbiturates shows hypertrophy of the smooth ER in hepatocytes a. adaptation b. necrosis

Answer 61

adaptation response that increased amount of enzymes

Question 62

Takes place if the cell popuation is capable of dividing

Answer 62

Hyperplasia

Question 63

Physiologic hyperplasia that Increases the functional capacity of a tissue when needed

Answer 63

hormonal hyperplasia

Question 64

Physiologic hyperplasia that Increases tissue mass after damage or partial resection

Answer 64

Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 65

Hyperplasia where there is proliferation of the grandular epithelium of the femal breaast at puberty and pregnancy

Answer 65

Hormonal hyperplasia

Question 66

A form of hyperplasia cause by excesses of hormones or growth factors acting on target cells.

Answer 66

Pathologic hyperplasia

Question 67

A characteristic response to certain viral infections, such as papillomaviruses --causes skin warts and mucosal lesions

Answer 67

hyperplasia

Question 68

Result of grwoth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some caes, by increased output of new new cells from tissue stem cells,

Answer 68

Hyperplasia

Question 69

A type of atrophy where uterus decreases in size after parturition

Answer 69

physiologic atrophy

Question 70

Causes of atrophy

Answer 70

Atrophy of disuse Denervation atrophy Senile atrophy - diminished blood supply Inadequate nutrition -marasmus, cachexia Loss of endocrine stimulation Pressure

Question 71

In atrophic muscle, the cells contain ________ mitochondira and myofilamanets and a _______ amount of RER.

Answer 71

Fewer; reduced

Question 72

Atrophy results from a _____ protein syntheis and _______ protein degradation in cells.

Answer 72

decreased; increased

Question 73

Degradation of cellular proteins occurs by the

Answer 73

ubiquitib-proteasome pathway

Question 74

Also accomapnied by increased autophagy (self eating)

Answer 74

Atrophy

Question 75

A reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type

Answer 75

Metaplasia

Question 76

It may represent an adaptive substitution of cells that are sensitive to stress by cell types better able to withstand the adverse environment

Answer 76

Metaplasia

Question 77

Most common epithelial metaplasia

Answer 77

Columnar to squamous

Question 78

A deficiency of vitamin A (retinoic acid) results to

Answer 78

metaplasia as it induces squamous metaplasia

Question 79

Barrett esophagus in which the esophageal squamous epithelium is replaced by intestinal-like columnar cells under the influence of refluxed gastric acid

Answer 79

metaplasia

Question 80

A type of metaplasia whereby there is the formation of cartilage, bone, or adopose tissue

Answer 80

connective tissue metaplasia

Question 81

It doesnt result from a change in the phenotype of an already differentiated cell type; instead it is the result of a reprogramming of stem cells

Answer 81

metaplasia