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Histopath > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology is the study (_______) of disease (________). What are the corresponding greek terminologies?

A

study - logos
disease - pathos

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2
Q

Pathology is devoted to the study of the __________, _____________, and __________ in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.

A

structural, biochemical, and functional changes

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3
Q

How does pathology attempt to explain the whys and wherefores of the signs and symptoms manifested by patients while providing a rational basis for clinical care and therapy?

A

Use of molecular, microbiologic, immunologic, and morphologic techniques

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4
Q

This serves as the bridge between the basic sciences and clinical medicine, and is the scientific foundation for all of medicine.

A

Pathology

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5
Q

2 types of pathology studies

A

General Pathology
Systemic Pathology

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6
Q

This study of pathology is concerned with tht reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli and to inherited defects, which are the main causes of disease.

A

General pathology

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7
Q

This study of pathology examines the alterations in specialized organs and tissues that are responsible for disorders that involve these organs.

A

Systemic pathology

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8
Q

What are the four aspects of a disease process that form the core of pathology?

A
  1. Etiology
  2. Pathogenesis
  3. Molecular and morphologic changes
  4. Clinical Manifestations
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9
Q

Pertains to a disease’s cause.

A

Etiology

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10
Q

Pertains to a disease’s mechanisms of its development.

A

Pathogenesis

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11
Q

Pertains to a disease’s biochemical and structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body.

A

Molecular and morphologic changes

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12
Q

Pertains to a disease’s functional consequence of certain changes.

A

Clinical manifestations

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13
Q

Two major classes of etiologic factors

A

Genetic and Acquired

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14
Q

What etiologic factor is being described: inherited mutations and disease-associated gene variants, or polymorphisms.

A

Genetic

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15
Q

What etiologic factor is being described: infectious, nutritional, chemical, and physical.

A

Acquired

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16
Q

This refers to the sequence of events in the response of cells or tissues to the etiologic agent, from the inital stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease.

A

Pathogenesis

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17
Q

This refers to the structural alterations in cells or tissues that are either characteristic of a disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process.

A

Morphologic changes

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18
Q

This reveals genetic differences that predict the behavior or tumors as well as their responsiveness to different therapies.

A

Molecular analysis

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19
Q

The end results of genetic, biochemical, and structural changes in cells and tissues.

A

Functional abnormalities

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20
Q

Symptoms and signs of disease

A

clinical manifestations

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21
Q

Progress of a disease

A

clinical course and outcome

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22
Q

He conceptualized the in the 19th century that all forms of disease start with molecular or structural alterations in cells.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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23
Q

He is the father of modern pathology

A

Rudolf Virchow

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24
Q

Injury to cells and to extracellular matrix ultimately leads to …

A

tissue and organ injury

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25
Q

The normal cells is confined to a fairly narrow range of function and structure by its state of _______, _______, and __________.

A

metabolism, differentiation, and specialization

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26
Q

Steady state of cells

A

homeostasis

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27
Q

Reversible functional and structural responses to more severe physiologic stresses and some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady states are achieved, allowing the cell to survive and continue to function.

A

Adaptations

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28
Q

Increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ

A

Hypertrophy

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29
Q

Increase in the number of cells resulting in increased mass of the organ or tissue

A

Hyperplasia

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30
Q

Reduced in the size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number

A

Atrophy

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31
Q

Change in the phenotype of cells

A

Metaplasia

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31
Q

Stressors in the normal cell cause it to…

A

Adapt

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32
Q

This happens when cells are unable to adapt

A

Cell injury

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33
Q

What happens when cell injury becomes severe and progressive?

A

Irreversible injury

34
Q

What occurs after injury becomes irreversible?

A

Necrosis or apoptosis

35
Q

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus

Altered physiological stimuli; some nonlethal injurious stimuli

A

Cellular adaptations

36
Q

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus

Increased demand, increased stimulation (e.g., by growth factors, hormones)

A

Hyperplasia, hypertrophy

37
Q

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus

Decreased nutrients, decreased stimulation

A

Atrophy

38
Q

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus

Chronic irritation (physical or chemical)

A

Metaplasia

39
Q

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus

Reduced oxygen supply; chemical injury; microbial infection

A

Cell injury

40
Q

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus

Acute and transient

A

Acute reversible injury
Cellular swelling fatty change

41
Q

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus

Progressive and severe (including DNA damage)

A

Irreversible injury which leads to cell death: necrosis and apoptosis

42
Q

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus

Metabolic alterations, genetic or acquired, chronic injury

A

Intracellular accumulations; calcification

43
Q

The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus

Cumulative sublethal injury over long life span

A

Cellular aging

44
Q

This event follows when the limits of adaptive responses are exceeded or if cells are exposed to injurious agents or stress, deprived of essential nutrients, or become compromised by mutations that affect essential cellular constituents.

A

Cell injury

45
Q

End result of progressive cell injury that is the most crucial event in the evolution of disease in any tissue or organ.

A

Cell death

45
Q

True or False.

Cell injury is reversible.

A

Yes, but if stimulus persists and cell suffers, it becomes irreversible and leads to cell death

46
Q

Causes of cell death

A

Ischemia (reduced blood flow)
Infection
Toxins

47
Q

True or false.

Cell death is an abnormal process in embryogenesis, development of organs, and maintenance of homeostasis.

A

False. It is normal.

48
Q

An adaptive cellular response trigerred by nutrient deprivation.

A

Autophagy

49
Q

Results from calcium often being deposited at sites of cell death

A

Pathologic calcification

50
Q

Adaptations are reversible changes in _____, _____, _______, ________, or ______ of cells in response to changes in their environment.

A

size
number
phenotype
metabolic activity
function

51
Q

This is due to the synthesis of more structural components of the cells.

A

Hypertrophy

52
Q

How do cells that are capable of division respond to stress?

A

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

53
Q

How do nondividing cells respond to stress?

A

Hypertrophy

54
Q

The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle

A

Increased workload

55
Q

Bugling muslces of body builders engaged in pumping iron

a. Hypertrophy
b. Hyperplasia

A

Hypertrophy

56
Q

Massive physiologic growth of the uterus during pregnancy

a. hypertrophy
b. hyperplasia

A

hypertrophy (of muscle fibers)

57
Q

The result of increased production of cellular proteins.

A

Hypertrophy

58
Q

Responsible for hypertrophy

A

synthesis of muscle proteins

59
Q

Hypertrophy may also be associated with a switch of _________.

A

Contractile proteins (from adult to fetal or neonatal)

60
Q

Genes only during early development are expressed in

A

hypertrophic cells

61
Q

Individuals treated with drugs such as barbiturates shows hypertrophy of the smooth ER in hepatocytes

a. adaptation
b. necrosis

A

adaptation response that increased amount of enzymes

62
Q

Takes place if the cell popuation is capable of dividing

A

Hyperplasia

63
Q

Physiologic hyperplasia that Increases the functional capacity of a tissue when needed

A

hormonal hyperplasia

64
Q

Physiologic hyperplasia that Increases tissue mass after damage or partial resection

A

Compensatory hyperplasia

65
Q

Hyperplasia where there is proliferation of the grandular epithelium of the femal breaast at puberty and pregnancy

A

Hormonal hyperplasia

66
Q

A form of hyperplasia cause by excesses of hormones or growth factors acting on target cells.

A

Pathologic hyperplasia

67
Q

A characteristic response to certain viral infections, such as papillomaviruses –causes skin warts and mucosal lesions

A

hyperplasia

68
Q

Result of grwoth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some caes, by increased output of new new cells from tissue stem cells,

A

Hyperplasia

69
Q

A type of atrophy where uterus decreases in size after parturition

A

physiologic atrophy

70
Q

Causes of atrophy

A

Atrophy of disuse
Denervation atrophy
Senile atrophy - diminished blood supply
Inadequate nutrition -marasmus, cachexia
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Pressure

71
Q

In atrophic muscle, the cells contain ________ mitochondira and myofilamanets and a _______ amount of RER.

A

Fewer; reduced

72
Q

Atrophy results from a _____ protein syntheis and _______ protein degradation in cells.

A

decreased; increased

73
Q

Degradation of cellular proteins occurs by the

A

ubiquitib-proteasome pathway

74
Q

Also accomapnied by increased autophagy (self eating)

A

Atrophy

75
Q

A reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type

A

Metaplasia

76
Q

It may represent an adaptive substitution of cells that are sensitive to stress by cell types better able to withstand the adverse environment

A

Metaplasia

77
Q

Most common epithelial metaplasia

A

Columnar to squamous

78
Q

A deficiency of vitamin A (retinoic acid) results to

A

metaplasia as it induces squamous metaplasia

79
Q

Barrett esophagus in which the esophageal squamous epithelium is replaced by intestinal-like columnar cells under the influence of refluxed gastric acid

A

metaplasia

80
Q

A type of metaplasia whereby there is the formation of cartilage, bone, or adopose tissue

A

connective tissue metaplasia

81
Q

It doesnt result from a change in the phenotype of an already differentiated cell type; instead it is the result of a reprogramming of stem cells

A

metaplasia

82
Q
A

Histopath (1 decks)

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