Chapter 1 Flashcards
Pathology is the study (_______) of disease (________). What are the corresponding greek terminologies?
study - logos
disease - pathos
Pathology is devoted to the study of the __________, _____________, and __________ in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.
structural, biochemical, and functional changes
How does pathology attempt to explain the whys and wherefores of the signs and symptoms manifested by patients while providing a rational basis for clinical care and therapy?
Use of molecular, microbiologic, immunologic, and morphologic techniques
This serves as the bridge between the basic sciences and clinical medicine, and is the scientific foundation for all of medicine.
Pathology
2 types of pathology studies
General Pathology
Systemic Pathology
This study of pathology is concerned with tht reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli and to inherited defects, which are the main causes of disease.
General pathology
This study of pathology examines the alterations in specialized organs and tissues that are responsible for disorders that involve these organs.
Systemic pathology
What are the four aspects of a disease process that form the core of pathology?
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Molecular and morphologic changes
- Clinical Manifestations
Pertains to a disease’s cause.
Etiology
Pertains to a disease’s mechanisms of its development.
Pathogenesis
Pertains to a disease’s biochemical and structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body.
Molecular and morphologic changes
Pertains to a disease’s functional consequence of certain changes.
Clinical manifestations
Two major classes of etiologic factors
Genetic and Acquired
What etiologic factor is being described: inherited mutations and disease-associated gene variants, or polymorphisms.
Genetic
What etiologic factor is being described: infectious, nutritional, chemical, and physical.
Acquired
This refers to the sequence of events in the response of cells or tissues to the etiologic agent, from the inital stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease.
Pathogenesis
This refers to the structural alterations in cells or tissues that are either characteristic of a disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process.
Morphologic changes
This reveals genetic differences that predict the behavior or tumors as well as their responsiveness to different therapies.
Molecular analysis
The end results of genetic, biochemical, and structural changes in cells and tissues.
Functional abnormalities
Symptoms and signs of disease
clinical manifestations
Progress of a disease
clinical course and outcome
He conceptualized the in the 19th century that all forms of disease start with molecular or structural alterations in cells.
Rudolf Virchow
He is the father of modern pathology
Rudolf Virchow
Injury to cells and to extracellular matrix ultimately leads to …
tissue and organ injury
The normal cells is confined to a fairly narrow range of function and structure by its state of _______, _______, and __________.
metabolism, differentiation, and specialization
Steady state of cells
homeostasis
Reversible functional and structural responses to more severe physiologic stresses and some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady states are achieved, allowing the cell to survive and continue to function.
Adaptations
Increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ
Hypertrophy
Increase in the number of cells resulting in increased mass of the organ or tissue
Hyperplasia
Reduced in the size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number
Atrophy
Change in the phenotype of cells
Metaplasia
Stressors in the normal cell cause it to…
Adapt
This happens when cells are unable to adapt
Cell injury
What happens when cell injury becomes severe and progressive?
Irreversible injury
What occurs after injury becomes irreversible?
Necrosis or apoptosis
The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus
Altered physiological stimuli; some nonlethal injurious stimuli
Cellular adaptations
The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus
Increased demand, increased stimulation (e.g., by growth factors, hormones)
Hyperplasia, hypertrophy
The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus
Decreased nutrients, decreased stimulation
Atrophy
The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus
Chronic irritation (physical or chemical)
Metaplasia
The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus
Reduced oxygen supply; chemical injury; microbial infection
Cell injury
The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus
Acute and transient
Acute reversible injury
Cellular swelling fatty change
The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus
Progressive and severe (including DNA damage)
Irreversible injury which leads to cell death: necrosis and apoptosis
The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus
Metabolic alterations, genetic or acquired, chronic injury
Intracellular accumulations; calcification
The cellular response with the given nature or injurious stimulus
Cumulative sublethal injury over long life span
Cellular aging
This event follows when the limits of adaptive responses are exceeded or if cells are exposed to injurious agents or stress, deprived of essential nutrients, or become compromised by mutations that affect essential cellular constituents.
Cell injury
End result of progressive cell injury that is the most crucial event in the evolution of disease in any tissue or organ.
Cell death
True or False.
Cell injury is reversible.
Yes, but if stimulus persists and cell suffers, it becomes irreversible and leads to cell death
Causes of cell death
Ischemia (reduced blood flow)
Infection
Toxins
True or false.
Cell death is an abnormal process in embryogenesis, development of organs, and maintenance of homeostasis.
False. It is normal.
An adaptive cellular response trigerred by nutrient deprivation.
Autophagy
Results from calcium often being deposited at sites of cell death
Pathologic calcification
Adaptations are reversible changes in _____, _____, _______, ________, or ______ of cells in response to changes in their environment.
size
number
phenotype
metabolic activity
function
This is due to the synthesis of more structural components of the cells.
Hypertrophy
How do cells that are capable of division respond to stress?
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy
How do nondividing cells respond to stress?
Hypertrophy
The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle
Increased workload
Bugling muslces of body builders engaged in pumping iron
a. Hypertrophy
b. Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Massive physiologic growth of the uterus during pregnancy
a. hypertrophy
b. hyperplasia
hypertrophy (of muscle fibers)
The result of increased production of cellular proteins.
Hypertrophy
Responsible for hypertrophy
synthesis of muscle proteins
Hypertrophy may also be associated with a switch of _________.
Contractile proteins (from adult to fetal or neonatal)
Genes only during early development are expressed in
hypertrophic cells
Individuals treated with drugs such as barbiturates shows hypertrophy of the smooth ER in hepatocytes
a. adaptation
b. necrosis
adaptation response that increased amount of enzymes
Takes place if the cell popuation is capable of dividing
Hyperplasia
Physiologic hyperplasia that Increases the functional capacity of a tissue when needed
hormonal hyperplasia
Physiologic hyperplasia that Increases tissue mass after damage or partial resection
Compensatory hyperplasia
Hyperplasia where there is proliferation of the grandular epithelium of the femal breaast at puberty and pregnancy
Hormonal hyperplasia
A form of hyperplasia cause by excesses of hormones or growth factors acting on target cells.
Pathologic hyperplasia
A characteristic response to certain viral infections, such as papillomaviruses –causes skin warts and mucosal lesions
hyperplasia
Result of grwoth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some caes, by increased output of new new cells from tissue stem cells,
Hyperplasia
A type of atrophy where uterus decreases in size after parturition
physiologic atrophy
Causes of atrophy
Atrophy of disuse
Denervation atrophy
Senile atrophy - diminished blood supply
Inadequate nutrition -marasmus, cachexia
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Pressure
In atrophic muscle, the cells contain ________ mitochondira and myofilamanets and a _______ amount of RER.
Fewer; reduced
Atrophy results from a _____ protein syntheis and _______ protein degradation in cells.
decreased; increased
Degradation of cellular proteins occurs by the
ubiquitib-proteasome pathway
Also accomapnied by increased autophagy (self eating)
Atrophy
A reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type
Metaplasia
It may represent an adaptive substitution of cells that are sensitive to stress by cell types better able to withstand the adverse environment
Metaplasia
Most common epithelial metaplasia
Columnar to squamous
A deficiency of vitamin A (retinoic acid) results to
metaplasia as it induces squamous metaplasia
Barrett esophagus in which the esophageal squamous epithelium is replaced by intestinal-like columnar cells under the influence of refluxed gastric acid
metaplasia
A type of metaplasia whereby there is the formation of cartilage, bone, or adopose tissue
connective tissue metaplasia
It doesnt result from a change in the phenotype of an already differentiated cell type; instead it is the result of a reprogramming of stem cells
metaplasia
