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Developmental Biology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the difference between holoblastic and meroblastic cleavage.

A

Holoblastic cleavage describes the development of the whole egg into smaller cells, like occurs in frogs and mammals. Meroblastic cleavage sees only one part of the egg developing into the embryo, while the yolk serves as nutrition, as in chickens.

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2
Q

Name the scientist in 1651 that determined that all animals develop from eggs.

A

William Harvey

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3
Q

What was William Harvey’s latin motto that describes all animals coming from eggs?

A

ex ovo omnia

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4
Q

Who published the first microscopic account of chick development in 1672?

A

Marcello Malpighi

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5
Q

What two major objectives does development accomplish?

A

generates cellular diversity and order within the individual organism, and second, ensures the continuity of life from one generation to the next.

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6
Q

What are the two fundamental questions in dev bio?

A
  1. HOw does the zygote give rise to the adult body?
  2. How does that adult body produce yet another body?
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7
Q

Name the eight categories of questions scrutinized by dev biologists.

A
  1. differentiation
  2. pattern formation
  3. morphogenesis
  4. growth
  5. reproduction
  6. regeneration
  7. environmental integration
  8. evolution
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8
Q

Name the six considerations of a “model” organism.

A
  1. size
  2. generation time
  3. embryo accessibility
  4. feasilibity of genomic interrogation
  5. organism type and phylogenetic position
  6. ease of experimental manipulation
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9
Q

Name the basic steps in an animal’s life cycle.

A
  1. fertilization
  2. cleavage
  3. gastrulation
  4. germ layer formation
  5. organogenesis
  6. metamorphosis
  7. adulthood
  8. senescence
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10
Q

Name the basic steps in the life cycles of plants.

A
  1. reproductive and gametophytic phases
  2. embryogenesis and seed maturation
  3. juvenile and adult vegetative states
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11
Q

Name the two types of holoblastic cleavage.

A
  1. Isolecithal (sparse, evenly distributed yolk)
  2. Mesolecithal (moderate vegetal yolk distribution)
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12
Q

Name the four types of Isolecithal cleavage.

A
  1. radial cleavage (echinoderms, Amphioxus)
  2. Spiral cleavage: annelids, mollusks, flatworms
  3. bilateral cleavage: tunicates
  4. rotational cleavage: mammals, nematodes
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13
Q

Name the one type of Mesolecithal cleavage.

A

displaced radial cleavage (amphibians)

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14
Q

Name the two types of Meroblastic cleavage.

A
  1. Telolechithal cleavage (dense yolk througout most of the cell)
  2. centrolecithal cleavage (yolk in center of egg)
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15
Q

Name the two type of Telolecithal cleavage.

A
  1. Bilateral cleavage (Cephalopod mollusks)
  2. Dicoidal cleavage (fish retiles, birds)
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16
Q

Name the one type of Centrolecithal cleavage

A

superficial cleavage (most insects)

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17
Q

What are the two major parameters that dictate the pattern of embryonic cleavage peculiar to a given species?

A
  1. amount and distribution of yolk protein within the cytoplasm which determines where cleagae can occur and the relatie sizes of the blastomeres.
  2. factors in the egg cytoplasm that influence the angle of the mitotic spindle and the timing of its formation.
18
Q

in general, what impedes what? (in cleavage)

A

yolk impedes cleavage.

19
Q

what is the name of the yolk-rich pole?

A

the vegetal pole

20
Q

in which pole is the yolk concentration low?

A

the animal pole

21
Q

The zygote nucleus is frequently displaced toward which pole?

A

the animal pole.

22
Q

Definition of holoblastic (complete) cleavage.

A

the cleavage furrow extends through the entire egg.

23
Q

zygotes containing large amounts of yolk undergo which type of cleavage?

A

meroblastic (only a portion of the cytoplasm is cleaved.

24
Q

why can’t the cleavage furrow penetrate the yolk?

A

yolk platelets impede membrane formation there.

25
Q

Name the phase in which cells are given new positions/neighbors and the multilayered body plan of the organism is established.

A

gastrulation

26
Q

When are the three germ layers first produced, and what are they?

A

they are produced during gastrulation and are the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

27
Q

Name the five basic movements types that proceed gastrulation.

A
  1. invagination (infolding of a sheet)
  2. involution (inward movement of an expanding outer layerso it spreads internally over remaining cells)
  3. ingression (migration of individual cells from the surface into the embryos interior. individual cells become messenchymal and migrate dependently.)
  4. delamination (splitting of one cellular sheet into two parrallel sheets. resembles ingression, but the result is the formation fo a new epithelial sheet of cells.
  5. epiboly (movement of epithelial sheets spreading as a unit rather than individually to enclose deeper layers of the embryo.)
28
Q

What ways can epiboly occur?

A
  1. by cells dividing
  2. by cells changing shape
  3. by several layers of cells intercalating into fewer layers.
  4. combination of all three.
29
Q

What three crutial axes that develop in an embryo that are the foundation of the body?

A

anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, right-left

30
Q

When did the belief in preformationism (all cells of adult are in the sperm/egg) end?

A

1820’s, when combo of new staining techniques, microscopes, and institutional reform (German) created a revolution in descriptive embryology.

31
Q

Name three friends important in the revolution of the 1820s.

A

Christian Pander, Heinrich Rathke, and Carl Ernst von Baer, who transformed embryology into a specialized branch of science.

32
Q

The ectoderm germ layer produces what organ systems in the body?

A

epidermis, brain and nervous systems.

33
Q

The mesoderm germ layer gives rise to which organ systems in the body?

q

A

blood, heart, kidneys, gonads, bones, muscles, and connective tissues.

34
Q

The endoderm germ layer gives rise to what organ systems in the body?

A

the epithelium of the digestive tubes and associated organs, including the lungs.

35
Q

What is induction?

A

the inability of one germ layer to develop without the aid of the other layers.

36
Q

What are colloquially reffered to as the fourth germ layer?

A

Neural crest cells

37
Q

What are the two major types of cells in the animal embryo?

A

messenchymal and epithelial cells.

38
Q

Describe the difference between epithelial and messenchymal cells.

A

epithelial cells are tightly connected to one another in sheets or tubes. Messenchymal cells relatively or loosely connected and can operate independently.

39
Q

morphogenesis is brought about by these five types of variation in cellular processes.

A
  1. direction and number of cell divisions.
  2. cell shape changes.
  3. cell migration
  4. cell growth
  5. cell death (some apoptosis or programmed cell death)
  6. Changes in the composition of the cell membrane or secreted products.
40
Q
A

Developmental Biology (1 decks)

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