CHAPTER 1

Question 1

“Study of human suffering”

Answer 1

Pathology

Question 2

Devoted to the study of the structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.

Answer 2

Pathology

Question 3

2 major areas of the study of pathology

Answer 3

1. General
2. Systemic

Question 4

Is concerned with the reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli and to inherited defects, which are the main causes of disease

Answer 4

General Pathology

Question 5

examines the alterations in specialized organs and tissues that are responsible for disorders that involve these organs

Answer 5

Systemic Pathology

Question 6

Four aspects of a disease process that form the core of pathology

Answer 6

1. Etiology
2. Pathogenesis
3. Morphologic changes
4. Clinical manifestations

Question 7

Sequence of events from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease

Answer 7

Pathogenesis

Question 8

Answers the question: How the disease started?

Answer 8

Pathogenesis

Question 9

The biochemical and structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body

Answer 9

Morphologic changes

Question 9

What the patient is manifesting; signs, symptoms of disease

Answer 9

Clinical manifestations

Question 9

The father of Modern Pathology

Answer 9

Rudolph Virchow

Question 10

State of equilibrium in the body with respect to the various functions and the different chemical composition of the fluids and tissues

Answer 10

Homeostasis

Question 11

Reversible functional and structural responses to more severe physiologic stresses and some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady states are achieved, allowing the cell to survive and continue to function.

Answer 11

Adaptations

Question 12

extreme hypoplasia or without growth

Answer 12

Aplasia

Question 13

T or F. “Cell injury is reversible up to a certain point, but if the stimulus persists or its severe enough from the beginning , the cell suffers irreversible injury and ultimately cell death”.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

the end result of progressive cell injury, is one of the most crucial events in the evolution of disease in any tissue or organ

Answer 14

Cell death

Question 15

reduced blood flow

Answer 15

Ischemia

Question 16

Nutrient deprivation triggers an adaptive cellular response that may also culminate in cell death.

Answer 16

Autophagy

Question 17

Two principal pathways of cell death

Answer 17

1. Necrosis
2. Apoptosis

Question 18

refers to an increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ

Answer 18

Hypertrophy

Question 19

T or F. “The hypertrophied organ has no new cells, just larger cells”.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

a peptide hormone that causes salt secretion by the kidney, decreases blood volume and pressure, and therefore serves to reduce hemodynamic load

Answer 20

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

Question 21

an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in increased mass of the organ or tissue

Answer 21

Hyperplasia

Question 22

2 division of Physiologic hyperplasia

Answer 22

1. Hormonal hyperplasia
2. Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 23

a type of physiologic hyperplasia that increases the functional capacity of a tissue when needed

Answer 23

Hormonal hyperplasia

Question 24

a type of physiologic hyperplasia that increases tissue mass after damage or partial resection

Answer 24

Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 25

reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number

Answer 25

Atrophy

Question 26

What are the common causes of atrophy?

Answer 26

1. Decreased workload (atrophy of disuse) 2. Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy) 3. Diminished blood supply 4. Inadequate nutrition 5. Loss of endocrine stimulation 6. Pressure

Question 27

is the result of growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, by increase output of new cells from tissue stem cells

Answer 27

Hyperplasia

Question 28

this results from decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells

Answer 28

Atrophy

Question 29

is the process in which the starved cell eats its own components in an attempt to find nutrients and survive

Answer 29

Autophagy ("self eating")

Question 30

brown discoloration of the tissue

Answer 30

Brown atrophy

Question 31

a reversable change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type

Answer 31

Metaplasia

Question 32

is the result of a reprogramming of stem cells that are known to exist in normal tissues, or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present in connective tissue

Answer 32

Metaplasia

Question 33

is a deficiency of oxygen which causes cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration

Answer 33

Hypoxia

Question 34

What are the causes of cell injury?

Answer 34

1. Oxygen deprivation 2. Physical agents 3. Chemical agents and drugs 4. Infectious agents 5. Immunologic reactions 6. Genetic derangement 7. Nutritional Imbalances

Question 35

this appears whenever cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis and is the result of failure of energy-dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane

Answer 35

Cellular swelling

Question 36

Two features of reversible cell injury can be recognized under the light microscope

Answer 36

1. Cellular swelling 2. Fatty change

Question 37

occurs in hypoxic injury and various forms of toxic or metabolic injury and it manifested by the appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm

Answer 37

Fatty change

Question 38

is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells

Answer 38

Cellular swelling

Question 39

What are the ultrastructural changes of reversible cell injury?

Answer 39

1. Plasma membrane alterations 2. Mitochondrial changes 3. Dilation of the ER 4. Nuclear alterations

Question 40

characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia where chromatin condenses into a solid, shrunken basophilic mass

Answer 40

Pyknosis

Question 41

the pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation; nucleus in the necrotic cell totally disappears

Answer 41

Karyorrhexis

Question 42

basophilia of the chromatin may fade

Answer 42

Karyolysis

Question 43

is a form of necrosis in which the architecture of dead tissues is preserved for a span of at least some days

Answer 43

Coagulative necrosis

Question 44

A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called

Answer 44

Infarct

Question 45

is characterized by digestion of the dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass

Answer 45

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 46

is a form of necrosis that is most often encountered in foci of tuberculous infection

Answer 46

Caseous necrosis