Chapter 1 Flashcards
Franz Gall
Phrenology, traits well-developed then part of the brain responsible for that trait expands
Pierre Flourens
Functions of major sections of the brain, used extirpation/ablation
William James
Functionalism, how mental processes adapt to their own environment
John Dewy
Functionalism, focuses on the study of organisms as a whole as it functions help the environment
Paul Broca
Broca’s Area: Speech Production
Hermann Von Helmholtz
Speed of the nerve impulse
Sir Charles Sherrington
Synapses
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytical Perspective
Sensory Neurons
afferent, spinal cord to brain
Motor Neurons
efferent, brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands
Interneurons
Between other neurons, mostly in the CNS
Reflex Arcs
interneurons relay information to the source of the stimuli while simultaneously routing it back to the brain
Central Nervous System
CNS, brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
PNS, nervous tissues and fibers outside the CNS
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System: fight or flight, increase heart rate, decrease digestion, dilation of eyes
Parasympathetic Nervous System: rest and digest
Meninges
Protects the brain, consists of: dura mater, arachnoid mater, & pia mater
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Fluid across the brain
Hindbrain
controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, & sleep/waking
Consists of:
-medulla oblongota: breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate
-pons/cerebellum: balance
-reticular formation: posture/balance/body movements
Midbrain
Receives sensory and motor information
Consists of:
Colliculi: superior–> receives visual sensory input. inferior–> receives sensory info from the auditory systems ex: loud noises
Forebrain
emotion & memory. Thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, & cerebral cortex
EEG
electrodes attached to scalp and assess brain activity
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
detects patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow in different parts of the brain
CT
X-rays, cross-sectional slice images of the tissue
PET
radioactive sugars injected and absorbed into the body, dispersion & uptake throughout the targeted tissue is imaged
MRI
magnetic imaging, interact w/ hydrogen & map out hydrogen dense regions of the body
fMRI
same as MRI, but measures blood flow change
Meninges & the 3 parts
protects the brain. dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
Thalamus
relay station for sensory information
Hypothalmaus & 4 Fs
homeostasis. Feeding, fighting, flighting, (sexual) functioning
Lateral hypothalamus
hunger center, LH (lacks hunger) if destroyed
Ventromedial hypothalamus
stop eating, when destroyed VERY MUCH HUNGRY
Anterior hypothalmus
sexual behavior, destroyed ASEXUAL, sleep/body temp
Posterior pituitary gland
secretes antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin
Pineal gland
secretes melatonin
Basal ganglia
smooths movements & helps postural stability
Extrapyramidal system
gathers body position info and carries this info to the CNS
Parkinson’s Disease
destruction of portions of basal ganglia. uncontrolled tremors. Schizophrenia & OCD also involved w/ Basal ganglia
Limbic System
septal nuclei (pleasure/addiction), amygdala (fear/aggression), & hippocampus (emotion/memory)
Cerebral cortex
bumps & folds= gyri & sulci, divided in 2 halves= cerebral hemispheres
Frontal Lobe
executive function, impulse control, speech, motor
Parietal
touch, pressure, temp, pain, spatial processing
Occipital
visual
Temporal
sound, speech perception, memory, emotion. Wernicke’s Area: language reception & comprehension
Cerebral Hemispheres
Left: analytic, language, logic, math, DOMINANT
Right: intuition, creativity, spatial processing, NON-DOMINANT
Contralateral
one side of the brain interacts w/ opposite side of body
Ipsilateral
one side of brain interacts w/ same side of body
Neurotransmitters
released by neurons to carry a signal
Acetylcholine
used by somatic nervous system to more muscles. Also used by the parasympathetic & CNS
Dopamine
maintains smooth movements & steady posture. Schizophrenia delusions/hallucinations
Endorphines/Eukephalines
natural pain killers
Epinephrines & Norepinephrine
maintain wakefulness & mediated F/F responses. Epinephrine= hormone norepinephrine= neurotransmitter. Released by adrenal medulla & cause physiological changes associated w/ the sympathetic NS
Innate Behavior
genetically programmed as a result of evolution
Learned Behaviors
based on experience & environment
Adaptive value
trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species–> adaption through natural selection
Nature
heredity or influence of inherited characteristics on behavior
Nurture
influences of envt. and physical surroundings on behavior
Family studies
rely on the assumption that genetically related people are more similar genotypically than unrelated people
Twin studies
comparing concordance rates for a trait between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal)
Concordance rates
likelihood both twins exhibit same trait
Adoption studies
understand environmental & genetic influence on behavior
Neuralation
ectoderm overlying the notochord began to form–> forms neural groove surrounded by 2 neural folds
Neural crest
cells at leading edge of the neural fold. Spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues
Neural tube
Becomes the CNS
Alar plate
differentiates into sensory neurons
Basal plate
differentiates into motor neurons
Umbilical cord
Fetus attached to the uterine wall & placenta through this
Placenta
transmits food, oxygen, & water to the fetus while returning water and waste to the mother
Reflex
behavior in response to a given stimulus without higher cognitive input
Primitive reflexes
exists in infants and disappears w/ age
Rooting reflex
turns head towards stimulus
Moro reflex
extends arms, response to falling sensation
Babinski reflex
big toe is extended & other toes fan out in response to brushing on sole of foot
Grasping reflex
grabs anything put into hands
Developmental milestones
Gross & fine motor abilities progress head to toe & core to periphery
Social skills shift from parent-oriented to other-oriented
Language skills become increasingly complex
Stranger anxiety
a fear & apprehension of unfamiliar individuals
Separation anxiety
a fear of being separated from the parental figure
Parental play
children will play alongside each other without influencing each other’s behavior
Y-aminobutynl-Acid (GABA)
inhibitory neurotransmitters. Act as brain “stabilizers”. Glycine serves a similar function
Glutamate
Acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter
Serotonin
modulates mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming
Anterior pituitary
releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands and controlled by the hypothalamus
Adrenal Glands
adrenal medulla: releases epinephrine and nonepinephrine, part of sympathetic NS
adrenal cortex: produces hormones called corticosteroids–> stress hormone CORTISOL and produces sex hormones TESTOSTERONE and ESTROGEN
Gonads
sex glands in ovaries and testes
Testosterone and Estrogen
mediate libido. Testosterone increase aggressive behavior. Both produced in gonads, released by adrenal cortex
