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CLUSTER 1: PHYSICS (CHAPTER 1-5) > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

Anything that occupies space & has mass

A

MATTER

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2
Q

The building blocks of matter

A

ATOMS

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3
Q

-The quantity of matter as described by its
energy equivalence
-The distinguishing characteristic of matter

A

MASS

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4
Q

The force exerted on a body under the
influence of gravity

A

WEIGHT

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5
Q

Material substance with mass of which
physical objects are composed

A

MATTER

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6
Q

The fundamental, complex, building blocks
of matter

A

Atoms & Molecules

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7
Q

The ability to do work

A

ENERGY

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8
Q

SI UNIT FOR ENERGY

A

SI Unit: joules (J)

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9
Q

SI UNIT FOR ENERGY IN RADIOLOGY

A

electron volt (eV)

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10
Q

The ability to do work by virtue of position

A

Potential Energy

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11
Q

The energy in motion

A

Kinetic Energy

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12
Q

The energy released by a chemical reaction

A

Chemical Energy

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13
Q

The work that can be done when an electron
moves through an electric potential
difference (V)

A

Electrical Energy

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14
Q

The energy in motion at the molecular level

A

Thermal/Heat Energy

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15
Q

The energy that is contained within the
nucleus of an atom

A

Electromagnetic Energy

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16
Q

WHO: Theory of Relativity

A

Albert Einstein

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17
Q

States that matter and energy are
interchangeable

A

Theory of Relativity

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18
Q

Matter-Energy Equivalence FORMULA

A

Formula: E=mc2

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19
Q

The energy emitted & transferred through
space

A

Radiation

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20
Q

Radiated by the sun

A

Visible Light

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21
Q

Matter that intercepts & absorbs radiation

A

Exposed/Irradiated

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22
Q

It causes sunburn

A

UV Light

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23
Q

Any type of radiation that is capable of
removing an orbital electron from the atom
with which it interacts

 Examples: x-rays, gamma rays & UV light

A

Ionizing Radiation

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24
Q

The removal of an electron from an atom

A

Ionization

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25
Q

EXAMPLE: Particulate-type Ionizing Radiation

A

Examples: alpha & beta particles

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26
Q

Natural Environmental Radiation: ANNUAL DOSE

A

Annual Dose: 300 mrem/yr

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27
Q

emitted by sun & stars

A

Cosmic Rays:

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28
Q

SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION ARE:

A

Natural Environmental Radiation

Man-made Radiation

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29
Q

deposits of uranium,
thorium & other radionuclides

A

Terrestrial Radiation:

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30
Q

potassium-40 (natural metabolites)

A

Internally-deposited Radionuclides:

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31
Q

largest source (NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION)

A

RADON

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32
Q

Annual Dose: Man-made Radiation

A

60 mrem/yr

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33
Q

MAN-MADE RADIATION: LARGEST SOURCE

A

Diagnostic X-rays: largest source (39
mrem/yr)

34
Q

NCRP

A

National Council on Radiation Protection &
Measurements

35
Q

MSCT

A

Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography

36
Q

Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation: ANNUAL DOSE

A

50 mrem/yr

37
Q

Electrons

A

Cathode Rays

38
Q

He invented crookes tube

A

Sir William Crookes

39
Q

He discovered x-rays

A

Wilhelm Roentgen

40
Q

WHEN: Discovery of x-rays; Wurzburg University in Germany

A

November 8, 1895

41
Q

The fluorescent material used by Roentgen

A

Barium Platinocyanide

42
Q

The emission of visible light only during
stimulation

A

Fluorescence

43
Q

Roentgen received Nobel Prize in Physics

A

1901

44
Q

ROENTGEN: He published and produced the first medical
x-ray image
-The first x-ray examination

A

February 1896

45
Q

-Uses x-ray film & x-ray tube mounted from
the ceiling

-Provides fixed images

A

Radiography

46
Q

-Conducted with an x-ray tube located under
the examination table

-Provide moving images

A

Fluoroscopy

47
Q

Measured in kVp

A

X-ray Voltage

48
Q

To provide an x-ray beam that is satisfactory
for imaging, you must supply the x-ray tube
with a _____ & ____

A

high voltage
sufficient electric current!

49
Q

Measured in mA

A

X-ray Current

50
Q

Caused: long exposure time

A

Image Blur

51
Q

He demonstrated the use of radiographic
intensifying screen

A

Michael Pupin (1896)

52
Q

He demonstrated the use of double emulsion
film

A

Charles L. Leonard (1904)

53
Q

He developed fluoroscope

A

Thomas A. Edison (1898)

54
Q

Original Fluorescent Material:

A

Fluorescent Material:

55
Q

Most Recent:Fluorescent Material

A

Zinc cadmium sulfide &
calcium tungstate

56
Q

The first x-ray fatality

A

Clarence Dally (1904)

57
Q

He demonstrated the first application of
collimation & filtration

A

William Rollins

58
Q

-He introduced interrupterless transformer

Snook transformer

A

H.C. Snook (1907)

59
Q

He introduced coolidge x-ray tube

A

William D. Coolidge (1913)

60
Q

Radiology emerged as a medical specialty
because of the ____ & the
_____

A

snook transformer
Coolidge x-ray tube!

61
Q

He invented stationary grid
 “glitterblende”

A

Gustav Bucky (1913)

62
Q

He invented moving grid

A

Hollis Potter (1915)

63
Q

Potter-Bucky grid was introduced

A

1921

64
Q

He demonstrated at Bell Telephone
Laboratories

A

Light Amplifier (1946)

65
Q

Light amplifier was adapted for fluoroscopy

A

1950

66
Q

Diagnostic UTZ & gamma camera appeared

A

1960

67
Q

PET & CT were developed

A

1970

68
Q

MRI become an accepted modality

A

1980

69
Q

MEG

A

Magnetoencephalography

70
Q

Because of ______, radiology is now considered a safe occupation!

A

effective radiation protection practices

71
Q

It absorbs low energy x-rays
 Aluminum or copper

A

Filtration

72
Q

It restricts the useful x-ray beam

A

Collimation

73
Q

It reduces scatter radiation

A

Collimation

74
Q

It improves image contrast

A

Collimation

75
Q

Collimation: example

A

Example: adjustable light-locating
collimators (common)

76
Q

It reduces x-ray exposure by more than 95%

A

Intensifying Screen

77
Q

Lead-impregnated material
 Examples: gloves & apron

A

Protective Apparel

78
Q

It is used with all persons of childbearing
age

A

Gonadal Shielding

79
Q

 Lead-lined with a leaded-glass window
 Example: radiographic control console

A

Protective Barriers

80
Q

ARRT

A

American Registry of Radiologic
Technologists

81
Q

TEN COMMANDMENTS OF RADIATION PROTECTION

A
  1. Understand & apply the cardinal principles of radiation control: time, shielding & distance.
  2. Do not allow familiarity to result in false security.
  3. Never stand in the primary beam.
  4. Always wear protective apparel when not behind a protective barrier.
  5. Always wear an occupational radiation monitor and position it outside the protective apron at
    the collar.
  6. Never hold a patient during radiographic examination. Use mechanical restraining devices
    when possible. Otherwise, have parents or friends hold the patient.
  7. The person who is holding the patient must always wear a protective apron and, if possible,
    protective gloves.
  8. Use gonadal shields on all people of child bearing age when such use will not interfere with
    the examination.
  9. Examination of the pelvis and lower abdomen of a pregnant patient should be avoided
    whenever possible, especially during the first trimester.
  10. Always collimate to the smallest field size appropriate for the examination.

CLUSTER 1: PHYSICS (CHAPTER 1-5) (2 decks)

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