Chapter 1 Flashcards
Morphology
Fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
Histology
Deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues
Lesion
Pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue
Sequelae
Lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by disease
Diagnosis
The designation as to the nature of a health problem.
Diagnostic Process
Requires a careful history, physical exam, & Diagnostic tests
Normal value
Represents the test results that fall within the bell curve or the 95% distribution
Laboratory parameters are interpretated based on:
Reliability, Validity, Sensitivity, & Specificity of the measurement
Validity
Refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure
Reliability
Refers to the extent to which an observation, if repeated gives the same result
Standardization
Aimed at increasing the trueness and reliability of measured values
Sensitivity
Refers to the proportion of people who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation (True Positive Result)
Specificity
Refers to the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation (True Negative Result)
Predictive Value
Extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition
Positive Predictive Value
Refers to the proportion of true positive results that occurs in a given population
Negative Predictive Value
Refers to the true negative observations in a population
Acute Disorder
One that is relatively severe, but self limiting
Chronic Disease
Can run a continuous course or present with exacerbations and remissions
Exacerbations
Aggravation of symptoms & severity of disease
Remissions
A period during which there is a decrease in severity & symptoms
Subacute disease
Intermediate between acute & chronic
Preclinical stage
Disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease
Subclinical disease
Not clinically apparent & not destined to be clinically apparent. Diagnosed with antibody or culture tests
Clinical disease
Manifested by signs & symptoms
Clinical course
Describes the evolution of a disease
Etiology
Causes of disease. What sets the disease in motion
Pathogenesis
Describes what how the disease process evolves. Sequence of cellular & tissue events
Epidemiology
Refers to the study of disease in populations
Incidence
The number of new cases arising in a given population during a specified time
Prevalence
Number of people in a population who have a particular disease at a given point in time or period
Morbidity
Describes the effects an illness has on a person’s life. It is concerned with incidence of disease, persistence & long term consequences
Mortality
Death. Statistics provide information about the cause of death in a given population
Risk Factors
Conditions suspected of contributing to the development of a disease
What studies are used to determine risk factors?
Cross-sectional, case-control, & Cohort studies
Natural history
Refers to the progression & projected outcome of a disease without medical intervention
Prognosis
Probable outcome & prospect of recovery from a disease
