Chapter 1

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

“ an organized set of ideas designed to explain and make predictions about development; also, any organized set of ideas designed to explain and make predictions about natural phenomena.”

• Ideas that attempt to explain a concept

Question 2

Natural Selection

Answer 2

“ an ongoing process in nature that results in survival of those organisms that are best adapted to their environments.”

• Darwin’s theory that explains the hereditary progression of traits/characteristics in organisms based on the adaptability and survival needs of their environment - “survival of the fittest”.

Question 3

Maturational Theory

Answer 3

“ a theory that views development as unfolding according to a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body.”

• Arnold Gessell’s theory that development happens according to a biologic plan where nurturing the child doesn’t matter as they will develop without interference from adults and their environment.

Question 4

Ethological Theory

Answer 4

“ a theory that views development from an evolutionary perspective, such that human behaviours can be adaptive and have survival value.”

• A perspective that behaviours and traits are adaptive and based on their survival value. An example is why babies may cry - based on this theory it’s because it elicits a caregiving to respond to them.

Question 5

Critical Period

Answer 5

“ the time in development when a specific type of learning beat takes place.”

• The best time for specific learning and development to happen. For example, language skills are best learnt during infancy/toddler as opposed to adulthood.

Question 6

Imprinting

Answer 6

“ the instinctive creation of an emotional bond between a newborn animal and the animal’s mother”

• the attachment/emotional bond that happens between a newborn animal and their “mother” immediately after birth.

Question 7

Attachment

Answer 7

“The emotional bond that forms between people, particularly children and their parents.”

• The emotional bond that forms between people.

Question 8

Psychoanalysis

Answer 8

“Freud’s psychological theory and method of treatment for unresolved unconscious conflict.”

• Theory about how people process and resolve unconscious challenges and how that affects development.

Question 9

Id

Answer 9

“One of three Freudian components of personality; a reservoir of primitive instincts instincts and drives.”

• Part of personality that is based in impulse.

Question 10

Ego

Answer 10

“One of three Freudian components of personality; tries to realistically meet the demands of the id.”

• Part of personality that compromises to give id what it wants while also meeting what’s socially acceptable.

Question 11

Superego

Answer 11

“One of three Freudian components of personality; acts as the moral agent.”

• The moral compass of personality, the part that understands right and wrong.

Question 12

Libido

Answer 12

“An instinctive energy or force that motivates humans to experience pleasure.”

• Desire to experience physical pleasure.

Question 13

Environmental reactions

Answer 13

“A family’s response to hereditary conditions.”

• Family response to genetic conditions (like the response to autism).

Question 14

Body ego

Answer 14

“A person’s sense of the self as an individual”

• sense of self that develops during the early years through the attachment and attention between parent and child.

Question 15

Psychic skin

Answer 15

“A person’s capacity for protecting and containing his or her internal emotional states.”

• Ability to protect and regulate internal emotional states.

Question 16

Neuropsychoanalysis

Answer 16

“The study of the relationship between psychoanalytic theory and biological approaches in psychology.”