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Wildland 1051 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Fire triangle

A

Heat- lightning,humans
Fuel-everything
O2- only thing that can’t be removed

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2
Q

Fire behaviour triangle

A

Fuel- fine or heavy, arrangement and continuity, fuel moisture
Topography- aspect(facing sun or not, direction, flat or slopes
Weather- wind, temperature, rh, rain

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3
Q

Temperature

A

As temp rises, more moisture evaporates and fuels get dryer

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4
Q

RH

A

Amount of moisture in the air. When high, forest fuels absorb moisture from air, when low fuels release moisture into air.
Highest during morning and late night. Lowest during late afternoon-
Flammable

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5
Q

Crossover

A

RH is less or equal to the ambient air temp. Can increase fire and alter strategies

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6
Q

Inversions

A

Cold air on valley floor and warm air on top of it. Fire burns lower intensity on cool floor but if it reaches warm air intensity grows rapidly

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7
Q

Wind

A

Drys fuels
Direction and speed affect spread rates, direction, and shape of fire
Affects amount and distance of spotting
Increase o2 to fire

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8
Q

Cumulonimbus cloud

A

Passing over fire causes extreme wind shifts

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9
Q

Rain

A

Affects moisture

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10
Q

Downdrafts

A

Bring more o2 to fire and winds. Causes flare ups and changes direction of fire spread

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11
Q

Fuel moisture content

A

Determines burn potential cause it affects ignitability. Lower moisture = more ignitable

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12
Q

Curing

A

Drying of grasslands or crops when they die. Fire has minimal spread when material is less than 50%

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13
Q

States of fuel

A

Live/green and dead

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14
Q

Live/green fuels

A

Always have some moisture,

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15
Q

Dead fuels

A

Primary drive of all wildfires. Fine dead fuels soak up rain, moisture from air and dry out quicker. Medium and large fuels take more rain to increase moisture

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16
Q

Fine fuels

A

Cured grass, leaves, things smaller than 0.6cm Ignite easily, respond quick to wind and humidity

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17
Q

Medium fuels

A

1-7 cm, dry slower than fine, more energy to ignite but burn longer, needed to hear heavy fuels

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18
Q

Heavy fuels

A

Large woody materials greater than 7cm, hard to ignite and burn slow, longer to change moisture

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19
Q

Fuel load

A

Dry weight of combustible materials per unit area

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20
Q

Arrangement

A

Distribution of combustible materials in a particular fuel type. Fuel compactness and continuity impact transfer of heat, rate of combustion, fire spread, fire intensity

21
Q

Coniferous trees

A

Pine. Hold dead fuels like needles so more likely to burn.

22
Q

Topography

A

Physical features of earths surface. Hills, valleys, lakes form patterns. Patterns limit or encourage fire spread

23
Q

Slope

A

Upward or downward slant of surface.
Fuel is heated, dries quick. Fire will spread up, steeper the more fire spread. Radiation increased cause flames tilted toward fuel, convection increased due to hot air rise

24
Q

Aspect

A

Direction slope faces. Influences amount of solar radiation fuels receive, type of vegetation on slope, moisture, temp, winds, RH

25
Q

Elevation

A

Temp decreases with elevation, RH increases, winds increase. Winds are drastically diff between valley and ridge top. Fine fuels at high.

26
Q

Shape of country

A

Lay of land effects fire behaviour.

27
Q

Bay

A

In between two fingers

28
Q

Finger

A

Elongated burn area projecting from main body resulting in jagged fire partern

29
Q

Flanks

A

Between head and back. Parallel to main spread direction

30
Q

Head

A

Greatest spread rate on downwind or upslope part of fire

31
Q

Heel

A

Opposite of head. Slowest fire spread

32
Q

Island

A

Area of unburned fuels located within fire perimeter

33
Q

Types of fires

A

Ground, surface, crown

34
Q

Ground fire

A

Burns in ground fuel layer. Smoulders

35
Q

Surface fire

A

Surface layer excluding crown area. Smouldering, creeping, running

36
Q

Crown fire

A

Advances through crown fuels in conjunction with a surface fire.

37
Q

Smouldering

A

Fire without visible flame. No signs of spreading

38
Q

Creeping

A

Fire spread slowly through surface fuels. Low flames

39
Q

Running

A

Rapid spreading fire. Defined head

40
Q

Spotting

A

Smaller fire carried outside perimeter of main fire by wind, fire whirl or convection column

41
Q

Heat transfer

A

Burning fuels heat unburned fuels to their ig temp and combustion occurs

42
Q

Convection

A

Movement of masses of hot air

43
Q

Conduction

A

Physical contact

44
Q

Radiation

A

Straight lines from warm surfaces to cooler surroundings

45
Q

CFFWI System

A

Ratings of fire potential based off of weather. Temp, RH, wind speed and rain

46
Q

FWI System

A

Based off of fine fuel, duff moisture codes and drought code. Initial spread, buildup and fire weather indexes

47
Q

Head fire intensity

A

Rate of heat energy released per unit time per unit length of fire front

48
Q

Head fire intensity classes

A

Class 4,5,6 head fires need to be fought with an anchor point

49
Q

Grass fire behaviour guide

A

Good for judging fire behaviour in grasslands with severe burning conditions. Uses wind

Wildland 1051 (2 decks)

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