Chapter 1

Question 1

What is a mineral?

Answer 1

natural, inorganic, solid, definite chemical composition and crystalline structure

Question 2

Type of mineral that forms as magma cools?

Answer 2

granite

Question 3

Type of mineral that forms from chemical precipitate?

Answer 3

halite

Question 4

Type of mineral that forms from hot water solution?

Answer 4

sulfide minerals

Question 5

Type of mineral that forms from precipitation from gas

Answer 5

sulfur and sulfur compounds

Question 6

Type of mineral that forms from metamorphic processes

Answer 6

silimanite

Question 7

Type of mineral that forms from biological processes

Answer 7

chert

Question 8

What are the 3 most important mineral groups

Answer 8

Silicate, oxide and sulfide

Question 9

Type of felsic igneous rocks

Answer 9

Rhyolite and granite

Question 10

Type of intermediate igneous rocks

Answer 10

andesite and diorite

Question 11

Type of mafic igneous rocks

Answer 11

basalt and gabbro

Question 12

Type of ultramafic igneous rocks

Answer 12

komatite and peridotite

Question 13

What is tephra

Answer 13

rocks formed from pyroclastic material

Question 14

What is a tuff

Answer 14

cemented ash particles

Question 15

What is a welded tuff

Answer 15

fused ash particles

Question 16

Types of magma generation

Answer 16

decompression, introduction of volatiles, addition of heat

Question 17

what is fractional crystallization

Answer 17

How different parts of the magma, depending on its melting point, at which point it forms a crystal structure

Question 18

What is assimilation

Answer 18

magma melting other rock types

Question 19

Steps of formation of sedimentary rocks

Answer 19

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Lithification

Question 20

Main components for creation of coal

Answer 20

compaction, metamorphism and stress

Question 21

Attributes of sedimentary rocks are defined as what

Answer 21

sedimentary facies

Question 22

What are graded beds

Answer 22

changes from coarse to fine

Question 23

What are cross beds

Answer 23

Inclined layers with dip in direction of wind or current

Question 24

What do mudcracks show

Answer 24

Periodic drying

Question 25

What do ripple marks show

Answer 25

They indicate the current

Question 26

What are stratification

Answer 26

visible layers

Question 27

Example of metamorphic rock with foliation

Answer 27

schist and gneiss

Question 28

What is foliation

Answer 28

distinct layering or bending of metamorphic rocks

Question 29

Example of metamorphic rock that is non foliated

Answer 29

marble

Question 30

What is chemically active fluid

Answer 30

water containing volatile compounds that acts as a catalyst for chemical change

Question 31

What is metamorphic grade

Answer 31

range or PT conditions or intensity of metamorphism

Question 32

What is a metamorphic facies

Answer 32

assemblages of minerals stable at certain PT condition

Question 33

approximate depth of two super deep boreholes

Answer 33

12,262 m, 9.1 km

Question 34

Shadow zone for P waves

Answer 34

105-145

Question 35

Shadow zone for S waves

Answer 35

>105

Question 36

How thick is crust beneath ocean

Answer 36

5-10m

Question 37

How thick is crust beneath land

Answer 37

35-70m

Question 38

Moho divides

Answer 38

upper mantle/ crust

Question 39

Gutenberg discontinuity divides

Answer 39

mantle/ upper core

Question 40

Lehmann discontinuity divides

Answer 40

inner/ outer core

Question 41

how deep is inner core

Answer 41

5100 km

Question 42

how deep is mantle

Answer 42

2900 km

Question 43

how deep is asthenosphere

Answer 43

650-670 km

Question 44

What is mantle tomography

Answer 44

temperature in mantle based on velocity of seismic waves

Question 45

What is isostasy

Answer 45

equilibrium of earths crust

Question 46

What is isostatic adjustment

Answer 46

movement of part of earth until it is in equilibrium

Question 47

What was the major problem with AW's theory

Answer 47

no mechanism for movement

Question 48

example of oceanic oceanic convergent plate

Answer 48

Puerto rico

Question 49

What forms from oceanic oceanic convergent plate movement

Answer 49

island arc, trench, back arc, basin

Question 50

What forms from oceanic continental convergent plate

Answer 50

oceanic under continental plate, trench, volcanic arc on land

Question 51

example of oceanic continental convergent plate

Answer 51

Cascadia

Question 52

what forms form continental continental convergent plate

Answer 52

high plateau and mountains

Question 53

example of continental continental convergent plate

Answer 53

himalayas

Question 54

What does transform plate movement involve

Answer 54

subduction/subduction or subduction/mid ocean ridge

Question 55

example of transform plate

Answer 55

san andrea and queen charlotte

Question 56

Proof of tectonic plates

Answer 56

topography, radioactive ages of rocks, magnetism of rocks, polar wandering, hot spots, earthquakes, GPS data and internal structure of earth

Question 57

what are the parts of the ocean floor

Answer 57

continental margins, mid ocean ridges, trenches, flat areas, fracture zones and faults, volcanic mountains, and ocean plateaus

Question 58

How do oceanic volcanoes form

Answer 58

eruptions at mid ocean ridges, subduction zones and hot spots

Question 59

How do continental rift zones form

Answer 59

lithosphere bends and fractures, is heated, central part collapses, rift valley spreads and ocean invades, new mid ocean ridge forms through centre of new ocean

Question 60

What is the radius of the earth

Answer 60

6367 km

Question 61

What is the approximate temperature of earths centre

Answer 61

6500-7000

Question 62

Average density of earth

Answer 62

5.51

Question 63

Depth of Mariana Trench

Answer 63

11034

Question 64

Height of Mount Everest

Answer 64

8848

Question 65

Oldest continental rock

Answer 65

4 billion years

Question 66

Oldest oceanic rock

Answer 66

200 million years