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ENVS 1050 Unit 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mineral?

A

natural, inorganic, solid, definite chemical composition and crystalline structure

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2
Q

Type of mineral that forms as magma cools?

A

granite

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3
Q

Type of mineral that forms from chemical precipitate?

A

halite

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4
Q

Type of mineral that forms from hot water solution?

A

sulfide minerals

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5
Q

Type of mineral that forms from precipitation from gas

A

sulfur and sulfur compounds

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6
Q

Type of mineral that forms from metamorphic processes

A

silimanite

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7
Q

Type of mineral that forms from biological processes

A

chert

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8
Q

What are the 3 most important mineral groups

A

Silicate, oxide and sulfide

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9
Q

Type of felsic igneous rocks

A

Rhyolite and granite

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10
Q

Type of intermediate igneous rocks

A

andesite and diorite

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11
Q

Type of mafic igneous rocks

A

basalt and gabbro

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12
Q

Type of ultramafic igneous rocks

A

komatite and peridotite

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13
Q

What is tephra

A

rocks formed from pyroclastic material

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14
Q

What is a tuff

A

cemented ash particles

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15
Q

What is a welded tuff

A

fused ash particles

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16
Q

Types of magma generation

A

decompression, introduction of volatiles, addition of heat

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17
Q

what is fractional crystallization

A

How different parts of the magma, depending on its melting point, at which point it forms a crystal structure

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18
Q

What is assimilation

A

magma melting other rock types

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19
Q

Steps of formation of sedimentary rocks

A

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Lithification

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20
Q

Main components for creation of coal

A

compaction, metamorphism and stress

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21
Q

Attributes of sedimentary rocks are defined as what

A

sedimentary facies

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22
Q

What are graded beds

A

changes from coarse to fine

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23
Q

What are cross beds

A

Inclined layers with dip in direction of wind or current

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24
Q

What do mudcracks show

A

Periodic drying

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25
Q

What do ripple marks show

A

They indicate the current

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26
Q

What are stratification

A

visible layers

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27
Q

Example of metamorphic rock with foliation

A

schist and gneiss

28
Q

What is foliation

A

distinct layering or bending of metamorphic rocks

29
Q

Example of metamorphic rock that is non foliated

A

marble

30
Q

What is chemically active fluid

A

water containing volatile compounds that acts as a catalyst for chemical change

31
Q

What is metamorphic grade

A

range or PT conditions or intensity of metamorphism

32
Q

What is a metamorphic facies

A

assemblages of minerals stable at certain PT condition

33
Q

approximate depth of two super deep boreholes

A

12,262 m, 9.1 km

34
Q

Shadow zone for P waves

A

105-145

35
Q

Shadow zone for S waves

A

> 105

36
Q

How thick is crust beneath ocean

A

5-10m

37
Q

How thick is crust beneath land

A

35-70m

38
Q

Moho divides

A

upper mantle/ crust

39
Q

Gutenberg discontinuity divides

A

mantle/ upper core

40
Q

Lehmann discontinuity divides

A

inner/ outer core

41
Q

how deep is inner core

A

5100 km

42
Q

how deep is mantle

A

2900 km

43
Q

how deep is asthenosphere

A

650-670 km

44
Q

What is mantle tomography

A

temperature in mantle based on velocity of seismic waves

45
Q

What is isostasy

A

equilibrium of earths crust

46
Q

What is isostatic adjustment

A

movement of part of earth until it is in equilibrium

47
Q

What was the major problem with AW’s theory

A

no mechanism for movement

48
Q

example of oceanic oceanic convergent plate

A

Puerto rico

49
Q

What forms from oceanic oceanic convergent plate movement

A

island arc, trench, back arc, basin

50
Q

What forms from oceanic continental convergent plate

A

oceanic under continental plate, trench, volcanic arc on land

51
Q

example of oceanic continental convergent plate

A

Cascadia

52
Q

what forms form continental continental convergent plate

A

high plateau and mountains

53
Q

example of continental continental convergent plate

A

himalayas

54
Q

What does transform plate movement involve

A

subduction/subduction or subduction/mid ocean ridge

55
Q

example of transform plate

A

san andrea and queen charlotte

56
Q

Proof of tectonic plates

A

topography, radioactive ages of rocks, magnetism of rocks, polar wandering, hot spots, earthquakes, GPS data and internal structure of earth

57
Q

what are the parts of the ocean floor

A

continental margins, mid ocean ridges, trenches, flat areas, fracture zones and faults, volcanic mountains, and ocean plateaus

58
Q

How do oceanic volcanoes form

A

eruptions at mid ocean ridges, subduction zones and hot spots

59
Q

How do continental rift zones form

A

lithosphere bends and fractures, is heated, central part collapses, rift valley spreads and ocean invades, new mid ocean ridge forms through centre of new ocean

60
Q

What is the radius of the earth

A

6367 km

61
Q

What is the approximate temperature of earths centre

A

6500-7000

62
Q

Average density of earth

A

5.51

63
Q

Depth of Mariana Trench

A

11034

64
Q

Height of Mount Everest

A

8848

65
Q

Oldest continental rock

A

4 billion years

66
Q

Oldest oceanic rock

A

200 million years

ENVS 1050 Unit 1 (1 decks)

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