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AQA A Level Germany > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What were the October Reforms?

A

Kaiser beginning a series of reforms to end his autocratic rule

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2
Q

Who did the Kaiser appoint as Chancellor as part of these reforms?

A

Prince Max of Baden on 3 Oct 1918

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3
Q

What was a Chancellor responsible to?

A

Reichstag

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4
Q

What did Max of Baden establish?

A

New gov based on the majority parties in the Reichstag

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5
Q

Who was put under control of the Civil Government?

A

The Armed Forces

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6
Q

What did these reforms mean?

A

Germany was undergoing major constitutional reform

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7
Q

What did Prince Max of Baden do on 5 October 1918?

A

Wrote the Peace Note

Wrote to President Wilson asking for Armistice

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8
Q

What was Wilson’s response?

A
  • Germany must evacuate all occupied territory
  • Call an end to submarine warfare
  • Fully democratise its political system
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9
Q

What was Ludendorff’s response to this?

A

Terms were too much to accept so he resigned and fled to Sweden

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10
Q

What impact did the Peace Note have on people?

A
  • Shattering blow to moral
  • Peace Note was admittance that Germany had lost the War
  • Undermined their respect for the Kaiser and leaders
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11
Q

What impact did the Peace Note have on soldiers and sailors?

A
  • Lost respect for their officers
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12
Q

English Channel

Name one way in which the sailors disobeyed orders and what it led to.

A

When ordered to attack British Ships in the English Channel, they refused. This led to more naval mutinies.

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13
Q

What did sailors do on 3 November 1918?

A

Mutinied against their officers and took control of the base in Kiel

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14
Q

What was happening by 6 November 1918?

A

Workers and Soldiers Counils were being created all over Germany

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15
Q

What did the SPD do on 9 November 1918?

A

Called on workers in Berlin to join a general strike to force the Kaiser to abdicate. Also threatened to withdraw support from Baden’s gov unless the Kaiser abdicated in 24 hrs.

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16
Q

What did Prince Max of Baden release on 9 November 1918?

A

Press staement stating that the Kaiser had abdicated, in response to the SPD.

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17
Q

What did Prince Mac of Baden do 9 November 1918?

A

Resigned, leaving Friedrich Ebert (leader of SPD) to take over.

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18
Q

What did Groener do on 9 November 1918?

A

Informed the Kaiser that the army would no longer fight for him.

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19
Q

What was Ebert’s priority after the Armistice?

A

To organise elections for a Constituent Assembly.

20
Q

What did Ebert urge Germans to do?

A
  • Keep essential services running
  • Avoid street demonstrations
  • Maintain law and order
21
Q

What did ex-soldiers do after the armistice?

A

Roamed the streets and participated in demonstartions.

22
Q

What was The Spartacist League?

A

Party founded in 1916 by a more revolutionary group in the SPD. Changed its name to KPD in 1918.

23
Q

Who led The Spartacist League?

A

Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg.

24
Q

What were the KPD’s main aims?

A
  • Establish republican gov controlled by councils
  • Establish welfare benefits
  • Nationalisation
25
Q

Who supported the KPD?

A

Workers

26
Q

What was the KPD’s membership as of 1918?

A

5000

27
Q

What was the USPD?

A

Party founded in 1917 by a breakaway minority from the left of the SPD

28
Q

Who led the USPD?

A

Hugo Hasse

29
Q

What were the USPD’s main aims?

A
  • Wanted a republic with national Reichstag working with councils
  • Improvements in welfare
  • Nationalisation
  • Reform army into national militia
30
Q

What was the membership of the USPD as of 1918?

A

300,000

31
Q

What was the SPD?

A

Party founded in 1875

32
Q

Who led the SPD?

A

Friedrich Ebert and Philip Scheidemann

33
Q

What were the SPD’s main aims?

A
  • Wanted more moderate socialist republic
  • Improvements in welfare
  • Wanted continuity and order
34
Q

Who supported the SPD?

A

Working class voters

35
Q

What was the SPD’s membership as of 1918?

A

1,000,000

36
Q

Why would the USPD and KPD not allow Ebert to make key decisions without referring to them?

A

Both parties had established a key foothold.

37
Q

What happened on 22 November 1918?

A

Agreement reached whereby gov accepted that it only exercised power in the name of the Councils in Berlin.

38
Q

What did the Left believe?

A

The autocratic system would not be abolished unless the aristocrates were broken up.

Splitting up of army, civil service and judiciary

39
Q

What did Ebert’s survival depend on?

A

Support of Army.

40
Q

What happened on 10 November 1918 between Groener and Ebert?

A

Ebert-Groener Pact. Army would support gov, gov would resist demands to democratise army and defend Germany against communist revolt.

41
Q

How did the Left react to the Ebert-Groener Pact?

A

Felt betrayed.

42
Q

Why did the Left feel betrayed by the Ebert-Groener Pact?

A

Believed that it represented a compromise with the reactionary military establishment and an abandonment of the socialist revolution that they had hoped to achieve.

43
Q

What events occurred on the 6 December 1918?

A

Spartacist demonstration in Berlin was fired on by soldiers, killing 16.

44
Q

What happened from 23 - 24 December 1918?

A

Sailors’ revolt against gov in Berlin was put down by army. In protest, 3 USPD ministers resigned.

45
Q

What happened on 6 January 1919?

A

Sprtacist launched an armed revolt against the gov.

46
Q

When was the Spartacist Uprising supressed?

A

After a week of heavy fighting, revolt was crushed.

47
Q

What did the Spartacist Uprisng highlight?

A

Highlighted the deep divisions within the German left and the challenges of building a unified socialist movement in the wake of the November Revolution.

AQA A Level Germany (1 decks)

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