chapter 1 Flashcards
A type of system developed for the earliest computers that used punched cards or tape for input, which were entered in a batch.
batch system
the component with the circuitry, the “chips,” to control the interpretation and execution of instructions.
central processing unit (CPU)
the processing part of a CPU chip made up of the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
core
the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. It monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices
device manager
a dedicated computer system, often small and fast, that resides in a larger physical system such as jet aircraft or ships.
embedded systems
the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files.
file manager
software instructions or data that are stored in a fixed or “firm” way, usually implemented on read-only memory (ROM).
firmware
the physical machine and its components, including main memory, I/O devices, I/O channels, direct access storage devices, and the central processing unit.
hardware
a computer system that supports both batch and interactive processes
hybrid system
a system that allows each user to interact directly with the operating
system via commands entered from a keyboard.
interactive system
the primary part of the operating system that remains in random access memory (RAM) and is charged with performing the system’s most essential tasks, such as managing main memory and disk access.
kernel
the memory unit that works directly with the CPU and in which the data and instructions must reside in order to be processed. Also called primary storage or internal memory.
main memory
the historical name given to a large computer system characterized by its large size, high cost, and high performance.
mainframe
the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. It checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job.
memory manager
a small computer equipped with all the hardware and software necessary to perform one or more tasks.
microcomputer
a small to medium-sized computer system, also called a midrange computer.
mini computer
when two or more CPUs share the same main memory, most I/O devices, and the same control program routines. They service the same job stream and execute distinct processing programs concurrently.
multiprocessing
a technique that allows a single processor to process several programs residing simultaneously in main memory and interleaving their execution by overlapping I/O requests with CPU requests.
multiprogramming
a system of interconnected computer systems and peripheral devices that exchange information with one another.
network
the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources
network manager
a programming philosophy whereby programs consist of self- contained, reusable modules called objects, each of which supports a specific function, but which are categorized into classes of objects that share the same function.
object-oriented
the software that manages all the resources of a computer system.
operating system
a composite of two submanagers, the Job Scheduler and the
Process Scheduler, which decides how to allocate the CPU.
Processor Manager
a computing system used in time-critical environments that require guaranteed response times, such as navigation systems, rapid transit systems, and industrial control systems.
real-time system:
a node that provides to clients various network services, such as file retrieval, printing, or database access services.
server
a collection of programs used to perform certain tasks. Software falls into three main categories: operating system programs, compilers and assemblers, and application programs.
software
a place where data is stored in the computer system. Primary storage is main memory and secondary storage is nonvolatile media.
storage
the fastest, most sophisticated computers made, used for complex calculations.
supercomputers
a portion of a program that can run independently of other portions. Multithreaded application programs can have several threads running at one time with the same or different priorities.
thread
a composite measure of a system’s efficiency that counts the number of jobs served in a given unit of time.
throughput
the creation of a virtual version of hardware or software. Operating system virtualization allows a single CPU to run multiple operating system images at the same time.
virtualization
a desktop computer attached to a local area network that serves as an access point to that network.
workstation
