chapter 1

Question 1

A type of system developed for the earliest computers that used punched cards or tape for input, which were entered in a batch.

Answer 1

batch system

Question 2

the component with the circuitry, the “chips,” to control the interpretation and execution of instructions.

Answer 2

central processing unit (CPU)

Question 3

the processing part of a CPU chip made up of the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU).

Answer 3

core

Question 4

the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. It monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices

Answer 4

device manager

Question 5

a dedicated computer system, often small and fast, that resides in a larger physical system such as jet aircraft or ships.

Answer 5

embedded systems

Question 6

the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files.

Answer 6

file manager

Question 7

software instructions or data that are stored in a fixed or “firm” way, usually implemented on read-only memory (ROM).

Answer 7

firmware

Question 8

the physical machine and its components, including main memory, I/O devices, I/O channels, direct access storage devices, and the central processing unit.

Answer 8

hardware

Question 9

a computer system that supports both batch and interactive processes

Answer 9

hybrid system

Question 10

a system that allows each user to interact directly with the operating
system via commands entered from a keyboard.

Answer 10

interactive system

Question 11

the primary part of the operating system that remains in random access memory (RAM) and is charged with performing the system’s most essential tasks, such as managing main memory and disk access.

Answer 11

kernel

Question 12

the memory unit that works directly with the CPU and in which the data and instructions must reside in order to be processed. Also called primary storage or internal memory.

Answer 12

main memory

Question 13

the historical name given to a large computer system characterized by its large size, high cost, and high performance.

Answer 13

mainframe

Question 14

the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. It checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job.

Answer 14

memory manager

Question 15

a small computer equipped with all the hardware and software necessary to perform one or more tasks.

Answer 15

microcomputer

Question 16

a small to medium-sized computer system, also called a midrange computer.

Answer 16

mini computer

Question 17

when two or more CPUs share the same main memory, most I/O devices, and the same control program routines. They service the same job stream and execute distinct processing programs concurrently.

Answer 17

multiprocessing

Question 18

a technique that allows a single processor to process several programs residing simultaneously in main memory and interleaving their execution by overlapping I/O requests with CPU requests.

Answer 18

multiprogramming

Question 19

a system of interconnected computer systems and peripheral devices that exchange information with one another.

Answer 19

network

Question 20

the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources

Answer 20

network manager

Question 21

a programming philosophy whereby programs consist of self- contained, reusable modules called objects, each of which supports a specific function, but which are categorized into classes of objects that share the same function.

Answer 21

object-oriented

Question 22

the software that manages all the resources of a computer system.

Answer 22

operating system

Question 23

a composite of two submanagers, the Job Scheduler and the
Process Scheduler, which decides how to allocate the CPU.

Answer 23

Processor Manager

Question 24

a computing system used in time-critical environments that require guaranteed response times, such as navigation systems, rapid transit systems, and industrial control systems.

Answer 24

real-time system:

Question 25

a node that provides to clients various network services, such as file retrieval, printing, or database access services.

Answer 25

server

Question 26

a collection of programs used to perform certain tasks. Software falls into three main categories: operating system programs, compilers and assemblers, and application programs.

Answer 26

software

Question 27

a place where data is stored in the computer system. Primary storage is main memory and secondary storage is nonvolatile media.

Answer 27

storage

Question 28

the fastest, most sophisticated computers made, used for complex calculations.

Answer 28

supercomputers

Question 29

a portion of a program that can run independently of other portions. Multithreaded application programs can have several threads running at one time with the same or different priorities.

Answer 29

thread

Question 30

a composite measure of a system’s efficiency that counts the number of jobs served in a given unit of time.

Answer 30

throughput

Question 31

the creation of a virtual version of hardware or software. Operating system virtualization allows a single CPU to run multiple operating system images at the same time.

Answer 31

virtualization

Question 32

a desktop computer attached to a local area network that serves as an access point to that network.

Answer 32

workstation