Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

The study of all aspects of nervous system function (molecular, cellular, cognitive systems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 7 parts make up a nervous system?

A

Genes, molecules, cells, synaptic connections, neural circuits, behavioral circuit systems, cognitive input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neurologist is…

A

an MD trained to diagnose and treat disease of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psychiatrist is…

A

an MD trained to diagnose and treat disorders of mood and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neurosurgeon

A

an MD trained to perform surgery on the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neuropathologist is…

A

an MD or PHD trained to recognize the changes in nervous tissue that result from disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Developmental Neurobiologist…

A

analyzes the development and maturation of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Molecular neurobiologist…

A

uses the genetic material of neurons to understand the structure and function of brain molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neuroanatomist…

A

studies the structure of the nervous sytsem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neurochemist…

A

studies the chemistry of the nervous sytem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neuroethologist…

A

studies the neural basis of species-specific animal behaviors in natural settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neuropharmacologist…

A

examines the effects of drugs on the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neurophysiologist

A

measures the electrical activity of the nervous system…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Physiological psychologist (biological psychologist, psychobiologist)

A

studies the biological basis of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

A progressive degenerative disease of the brain, characterized by dementia and always fatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autism

A

A disorder emerging in early childhood characterized by impairments in communication and social interactions, and restricted repetitive behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

A motor disorder caused by damage to the cerebrum before, during, or soon after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Depression

A

A serious disorder of mood, characterized by insomnia, loss of appetite, and feelings of dejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Epilepsy

A

A condition characterized by periodic disturbances of brain electrical activity that can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, and sensory disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

A progressive disease that affects nerve conduction, characterized by episodes of weakness, lack of coordination, and speech disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A progressive disease of the brain that leads to difficulty in initiating voluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A severe psychotic illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spinal paralysis

A

A loss of feeling and movement caused by traumatic damage to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stroke

A

A loss of brain function caused by disruption of the blood supply, usually leading to permanent sensory, motor, or cognitive deficit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two main divisions of the mammalian nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the brain comprised of?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

It receives sensation from and controls movement of left side of the body, and vice versa

29
Q

Where is the cerebrum located?

A

Right hemisphere

30
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

It’s the movement control center; the left hemisphere controls the left side of the body, right controls right

31
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

It relays information from cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum, and vice versa
- It also controls vital functions, breathing, consciousness, and control of body temperature

32
Q

Due to neocortical evolution, what has evolved?

A
  1. Cortex amount has evolved, but not structure
  2. Primary sensory areas, secondary sensory areas, & motor areas have evolved
  3. Association areas of cortex - higher order complex processing
33
Q

What are some common features of cerebral cortex in vertebrates?

A
  • Cell bodies in layers or sheets
  • Surface layer separated from pia mater, layer I
  • Apical dendrites from multiple branches
34
Q

What cortical regions are associated with defined processes?

A
  1. Motor cortex
  2. Visual cortex
  3. Auditory cortex
  4. Somatosensory cortex
  5. Prefrontal cortex - cognitive processing
35
Q

What is the meninges?

A

The meninges are three layers of membranes that surround the brain

36
Q

What does the meninges consist of?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

37
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

It is in the meninges and is filled with salty clear liquid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

38
Q

What does the ventricular system consist of?

A

Ventricles and the choroid plexus

39
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Ventricles are cerebrospinal fluid filled caverns and canals inside the brain

40
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

The choroid plexus is specialized tissue in ventricles that secretes CSF

41
Q

What does the choroid plexus consist of?

A

The choroid plexus consists of of many capillaries, separated from the ventricles by choroid epithelial cells
- Fluid filters through these cells from blood to become cerebrospinal fluid

42
Q

What is the movement of CSF through ventricles?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through ventricles; absorbed in subarachnoid space at small openings near the cerebellum - brain stem intersection

43
Q

What occurs when there is cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid space?

A

CSF in subarachnoid space is absorbed back into the blood

44
Q

Vertebrae in the CNS

A
45
Q

Where is the spinal cord located?

A

The spinal cord is attached to the brain stem

46
Q

The spinal cord is know as the…

A

the conduit of information (brain-body connection)

47
Q

The spinal cord attaches to…

A

The skin, joints, and muscles

48
Q

What are the two spinal roots?

A

The dorsal root and the ventral root

49
Q

What comprises the dorsal root?

A

Sensory fibers (cell body outside the CNS)

50
Q

What comprises the ventral root?

A

Outgoing motor fibers (cell body inside CNS, but project axons to the PNS)

51
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

52
Q

What does the somatic nervous system consist of?

A

Somatic motor and somatic sensory

53
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

54
Q

What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

A

The CNS is outside the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system is internal and deal with organs, skin, etc.

55
Q

What does the somatic PNS focus on?

A

Skin, joints, and muscles

56
Q

What does the autonomic PNS focus on?

A

Internal organs, blood vessels, and glands

57
Q

How does the ventral root contribute to the PNS?

A

The ventral root is outgoing motor fibers and project axons from the CNS to the PNS

58
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglia?

A

The dorsal root ganglia are clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the spinal cord that contain somatic sensory axons

59
Q

What are afferent nerves?

A

Afferent (“carry to”) nerves carry information toward a particular point

60
Q

What are efferent nerves?

A

Efferent (“carry from”) nerves carry information away from a point

61
Q

What does the somatic nervous system consist of?

A

The somatic nervous system consists of all the spinal nerves that innervate the skin, the joints and the muscles that are under voluntary control (command the skeletal muscles)

62
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

The autonomic nervous system innervates glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle (the viscera)

63
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

A

The ANS has both sensory and motor components

64
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have ____ properties

A

Antagonistic

65
Q

What is computed tomography?

A

Computed tomography is a non-invasive imaging approach created by Hounsfields and Cormack
- It generates an image of a brain slice
- Gradually being replaced by MRI

66
Q

What is the process of using computed tomography?

A

In CT, x-ray beams are used to generate data for a digitally reconstructed image
- CT scans non-invasively revealed for the first time the gross organization of gray and white matter and the position of ventricles

67
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

A

MRI is based on how hydrogen atoms respond in the brain to perturbations of a strong magnetic field
- Signals are mapped by computers to create imagery

68
Q

What are the advantages of MRI over CT?

A

MRI:
- Provides more detail
- Does not require X-Irradiation
- Brain slice imagine in any angle

69
Q

What is functional brain imaging (fMRI)?

A

fMRI detects changes in regional blood flow and metabolism within the brain
- Active neurons demand more glucose and oxygen, thus more blood to active regions
- Techniques detect changes in blood flow

Neuroscience (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions