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Health Psychology 365 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Health Psychology?

A

health psychology is the application of psychological principles to the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses but as well as to attempt to maintain health and well-being of people.

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2
Q

What is Behavioural Medicine?

A

It is a branch of medicine which focuses on the relationship between health and behaviour. The focus is usually on remediation.

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3
Q

In the 1970’s the use of what commenced?

A

health psychology and the emergence of Behavioural Medicine

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4
Q

Who was important in the development of Biomedical Perspective of illness? What year?

A

Neal Miller, in 1983 published an article focused on the invention of germ theory.

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5
Q

What is Germ Theory?

A

Germ theory is the discovery that many illnesses are caused by the activity of microorganisms, such as bacteria.

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6
Q

Why was Germ Theory successful?

A

Because the biomedical perspective took full flight, realizing considerable success by reducing illnesses to a cellular level and treating them with medicines.

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7
Q

Two important developments that came from the Biomedical Perspective causing Behavioural Medicine, what are they?

A

First, the success of antibiotics, replacing infection for lifestyle as the primary cause of deaths. Second, an emphasis on the technical aspects of medicine replaced a consideration for emotional factors in health. The paradox is that technical medicine, so revered for its success in treating germ-based conditions, is relatively ineffective against health problems caused by lifestyle and other psychosocial factors. As a result, these two developments gave rise to behav-ioural medicine.

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8
Q

What is Medical Non-Compliance (identified by N. Miller)?

A

This is when individuals do not adhere to medical regimens. Now known as adherence.

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9
Q

Non-compliance was coined by N. Miller as being what?

A

Gradient of Reinforcement, the greater the lag of time between behaviour and reinforcement the weaker the behaviour will be in practice.

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10
Q

Stemming from the concept of Gradient of Reinforcement there is a “lag” and it is called what by behaviourists?

A

The “lag” is viewed to be delayed gratification, the delay to the benefits.

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11
Q

Health Psychology expands into Cognition and Personality identifying what?

A

Krantz and colleagues (1985) identify personality and cognitive factors in health. The relationship with personality and coping and reactions. People react differently to stressors.

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12
Q

Coping style broken into two way is proposed by who?

A

Suzanne Miller (1980)

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13
Q

The two way of coping/ receiving negative information.

A

Monitors and Blunters

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14
Q

Monitors cope best with…

A

More information. They are information seekers.

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15
Q

Blunter cope best with…

A

information avoidant. They prefer not receiving information.

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16
Q

Which researchers focused on Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)?

A

Cohen and Herbert (1996)

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17
Q

What is Psychoneuroimmunology?

A

This is the study of the relationship between our psychological state and the functioning of our immune system

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18
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology is connected to what?

A

Immunocompetence

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19
Q

What is immunocompetence?

A

the extent to which our immune system is functioning properly to ward off microorganisms.

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20
Q

What is the advantage of Psychoneuroimmunology?

A

The advantage is that it provided an opportunity for health psychology to produce empirical proof of hypothesized relationships between mind and body.

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21
Q

Is prolonged stress good for the body?

A

We know that excessive, prolonged, and repeated stress impacts multiple biological systems

22
Q

Important summary points of early stage?

A

Expansion of approaches to being more cognitively focused.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is a large development.

23
Q

Leading cause of death in the 1900’s?

A

infection diseases

24
Q

Leading cause of death in the 1950-2000’s?

A

circulatory diseases (Respiratory diseases)

25
Q

Leading cause of death in the 2012’s?

A
  1. cancers 2. heart disease 3. strokes (are the leading cause of death in that order)
26
Q

Psychologist focus on what in terms of Health Psychology?

A

The focus is preventability of diseases though lifestyle changes. Shift from cure to prevention.

27
Q

How to focus of prevention? How can this happen?

A

Learning new behaviours and unlearning old ones. Believing one is capable of making changes.

28
Q

Largest impact on health behaviours from COVID-19?

A

Declines in physical activity
likely to be obese: Men 1.4x, Women 2.6x

29
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach encompasses what three major perspectives?

A

Biological (cellular), Psychological (mental), and sociological (support)

30
Q

A major benefit of Biopsychosocial Approach is?

A

The demand for communication among health care practitioners and social scientists. The intermingling of the three specialist is needed to properly assess the affects on health and it care.

31
Q

Motivational models: intention. “Behaviours follow intention”. How many theories/ models were there?

A

Five

32
Q

Health Belief Model

A

This model works under the pretense you have something you think about health can be true. Meaning a model that analyzes health behaviour in terms of the belief that a health threat exists and the belief that a given course of action will affect the threat.

33
Q

There are two types of beliefs that influence the fundamental confidence you have that a course of action will reduce a threat in the Health Belief Model?

A

Response Efficacy Belief and Cost-Gain Belief.

34
Q

How can the Health Belief Model be more easily accepted by an individual?

A

When a person values health it is easier to accept. When it’s lower it gets mixed

35
Q

An example of Health Belief Model?

A

Risk of AIDS and the embarrassment of buying condoms. Does being embarrassed out way the health risk.

36
Q

What is the Theory of Reasoned Action?

A

Assumes that behaviour is the result of intention, which is affected by one’s beliefs and motivaitons

37
Q

What are the Theory of Reasoned Action’s two main sources of intention?

A
  1. Attitudes toward the behaviour- Belief that the behaviour will produce a given outcome. The values placed on the outcome.
  2. Subjective norms- Beliefs regarding what other people think regarding the behaviour. Motivation to do what others think should be done.
38
Q

An example of the Theory of Reasoned Action?

A

Positive attitudes towards the behaviour + good subjective norm:
You need back surgery, you personally would love being pain free, family supports the choice, they are usually right, gets the surgery.

Negative attitude towards the behaviour + bad subjective norm:
You need back surgery, being pain free isn’t really possible, family thinks bed rest could help instead of risking surgery, they are usually right, doesn’t gets the surgery.

39
Q

Which model/ theory is better at predicting? Health Belief Model or Theory of Reasoned Action?

A

Theory of Reasoned Action predicts better

40
Q

What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

A

Assumes health behaviour is the result of intention (can you actually do it). There are Three main sources of intention (similar the the theory of reasoned action.

41
Q

What are the Theory of Planned Behaviour’s three main sources of intention?

A
  1. Attitudes towards the behavior
  2. Subjective norms
  3. Perceived behavioural control

This helps to explain variations in intention and behaviour.

42
Q

So far what model/ theory is most prominent?

A

The Theory of Planned Behaviour

43
Q

What is the Integrative Model of Behavioural Predictions?

A

This models works by including background variables. Additionally to account for the gap in intentions and behaviours, now recognizing that skills and environmental constraints on either facilitating or hindering ones engaging in the behaviour.

44
Q

What is an example of the Integrative Model of Behavioural Predictions?

A

You have been diagnosed with diabetes. Although, you may be extremely motivated to to begin insulin self-injections, thus you intend to but you don’t know how (skill). You also may not have health insurance to cover the fees preventing the behaviour of self-injection (environmental constraint)

45
Q

What is the Common Sense Model?

A

This model is used to help people who are coping with illness. There is a focus on how people process and cope with health threats. It suggests that coping behaviour is guided by mental representations. Seeing our self doing it makes it more likely of happening.

46
Q

What are two Behavioural Enaction Models? (Thoughts attached to intention)

A

Gollwitzer’s Implementation Intention and Bagozzi’s Goal Theory

47
Q

What is the Gollwitzer’s Implementation Intention?

A

Steps towards a goal helps the completion of a goal. If there is an implementation plan then it is more likely to be done.

48
Q

What is Bagozzi’s Goal Theory?

A

Short term + daily integrations. Is this something I can attain. A form of cost-gain thinking, However, entertains the possibility of fear of success and fear of failure.

49
Q

What are two models/approaches from Multi-Stage Models?

A

Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) and Stages of Change Model

50
Q

What is the Health Action Process Approach?

A

The author divided health behaviours into a motivational phase and a volitional phase.

51
Q

What is the Stages of Change Model?

A

This one provides six linear stages to help understand change: precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance, termination, and relapse. These stages are relatively simple to comprehend, and they can be valuable as a way of understanding health behaviour—in particular, behaviour involving a lifestyle change.

52
Q

An example of the Stages of Change Model?

A

The process of quitting smoking

Health Psychology 365 (1 decks)

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