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CHEM 121 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemistry is the study of what?

A

matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes

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2
Q

Define matter

A

the physical material of the universe; anything that has mass and occupies space

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3
Q

What is the term that means, “any characteristic that allows us to recognize a type of matter and distinguish it from others”

A

property

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4
Q

elements are composed of _____ kind of atom

A

one

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5
Q

compounds have at least ____ kinds of atoms

A

two

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6
Q

define molecule

A

two or more atoms joined in specific shapes

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7
Q

how many elements are there?

A

118

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8
Q

all substances are either ________ or compounds

A

elements

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9
Q

elements are made of how many kinds of atoms?

A

one

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10
Q

compounds are made of how many kinds of atoms?

A

two

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11
Q

matter is characterized by its _______ state and its __________

A

physical, composition

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12
Q

which state of matter has no fixed volume or shape and can be compressed or expanded?

A

gas

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13
Q

which state of volume has a distinct volume independent of its container and assumes shape of container it occupies and is not easily compressed?

A

liquid

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14
Q

a _______ has both a definite shape and volume and is not easily compressed

A

solid

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15
Q

how do molecules behave in gas form?

A

far apart and moving at high speeds

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16
Q

how do molecules behave in a liquid?

A

packed together but move rapidly

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17
Q

how do molecules behave in a solid?

A

molecules are tightly packed together and molecules can only wiggle slightly in their fixed positions

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18
Q

define pure substance

A

matter that has distinct properties and a composition that does not vary from sample to sample

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19
Q

list two examples of pure substances

A

sodium chloride and water

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20
Q

________ are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances

A

elements

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21
Q

_______ are combinations of two or more substances in which each substance retains its chemical identity

A

mixtures

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22
Q

how do molecules of a compound differ from the molecules of an element?

A

compounds are made of two kinds of molecules; elements are made of one kind of molecule

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23
Q

which five elements compose 90 percent of the earth’s crust?

A

oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium

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24
Q

oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen compose 90 percent of the mass in what?

A

human body

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25
Q

what element constitutes 74 percent of the mass in the milky way galaxy?

A

hydrogen

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26
Q

what element constitutes 24 percent of the mass in the milky way galaxy?

A

helium

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27
Q

how are the elements in the periodic table arranged ?

A

in columns so that closely related elements ar grouped together

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28
Q

elements can interact with other elements to form _________

A

compounds

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29
Q

explain the 2 in H2O

A

two H atoms

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30
Q

decomposing pure water shows that it contains 11 percent _________

A

hydrogen

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31
Q

decomposing pure water shows that it contains 89 percent _________

A

oxygen

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32
Q

who first stated the law of constant composition?

A

joseph louis proust

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33
Q

explain law of constant composition

A

a pure compound has the same composition and properties under the same natural laws

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34
Q

a pure substance has a ______ composition

A

fixed

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35
Q

define heterogeneous mixtures

A

mixtures that do not have the same composition, properties, and appearance throughout

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36
Q

give an example of a heterogeneous mixture

A

rocks, wood, trail mix

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37
Q

define homogeneous mixture

A

mixtures uniform throughout

38
Q

give an example of a homogeneous mixture

A

air, kool aid in water

39
Q

homogeneous mixtures are also called ________

A

solutions

40
Q

the properties of matter can be categorized as ________ or __________

A

physical, chemical

41
Q

define physical properties

A

can be observed without changing the identity and composition of the substance

42
Q

give examples of physical properties

A

color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness

43
Q

define chemical properties

A

the way a substance may change or react to form other substances

44
Q

give an example of a chemical property

A

flammability

45
Q

define intensive properties

A

properties not depending on the amount of sample being examined

46
Q

why are intensive properties useful in chemistry?

A

they can be used to identify substances

47
Q

define extensive properties

A

properties depending on the amount of sample

48
Q

give two examples of extensive properties

A

mass and volume

49
Q

what happens during a physical change?

A

a substance changes its physical appearance but not its composition

50
Q

all changes of state are __________ changes

A

physical

51
Q

what happens during a chemical change or reaction?

A

a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance

52
Q

give an example of a chemical change

A

when hydrogen burns in air, it undergoes a chemical change because it combines with oxygen to form water

53
Q

SI units stand for

A

the international system of units

54
Q

What is the SI unit and abbreviation for length?

A

meter, m

55
Q

What is the SI unit and abbreviation for mass?

A

kilogram, kg

56
Q

What is the SI unit and abbreviation for temperature?

A

kelvin, K

57
Q

What is the SI unit and abbreviation for the amount of substance?

A

mole, mol

58
Q

Distillation is good for _________ mixtures

A

homogeneous

59
Q

filtration is good for __________ mixtures

A

heterogeneous

60
Q

distillation depends on the different abilities of substances to form ______

A

gases

61
Q

the metric system was developed where and what century?

A

France during the late eighteenth century

62
Q

combustion, oxidation, and decomposition are all examples of ________ changes

A

chemical

63
Q

changes of state, temperature, and volume are all examples of _________ changes

A

physical

64
Q

what is the SI unit and abbreviation for volume?

A

cubic centimeter, cc or cm cubed. Or, liter, l

65
Q

Give the symbol of lithium

A

Li

66
Q

Give the symbol of sodium

A

Na

67
Q

Give the symbol of potassium

A

K

68
Q

Give the symbol of rubidium

A

Rb

69
Q

Give the symbol of caesium

A

Cs

70
Q

Give the symbol of francium

A

Fr

71
Q

Give the symbol of beryllium

A

Be

72
Q

Give the symbol of magnesium

A

Mg

73
Q

Give the symbol of calcium

A

Ca

74
Q

Give the symbol of strontium

A

Sr

75
Q

Give the symbol of barium

A

Ba

76
Q

Give the symbol of radium

A

Ra

77
Q

Give the symbol of helium

A

He

78
Q

Give the symbol of neon

A

Ne

79
Q

Give the symbol of argon

A

Ar

80
Q

Give the symbol of krypton

A

Kr

81
Q

Give the symbol of xenon

A

Xe

82
Q

Give the symbol of radon

A

Rn

83
Q

Give the symbol of fluorine

A

F

84
Q

Give the symbol of chlorine

A

Cl

85
Q

Give the symbol of bromine

A

Br

86
Q

Give the symbol of iodine

A

I

87
Q

Give the symbol of oxygen

A

O

88
Q

Give the symbol of sulfur

A

S

89
Q

Give the symbol of selenium

A

Se

90
Q

define composition

A

whether a substance is an element, compound, or mixture

CHEM 121 (8 decks)

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