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Immuno > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Edward Jenner and his significance in immuno?

A

the guy who discovered and tested out protection against disease

he was 1st person to try cowpox vaccine that was meant to protect against smallpox

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2
Q

Adaptive immunity is VERY specific and has __________

A

memory

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3
Q

innate immunity is considered __________ immunity and has no memory

A

nonspecific

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4
Q

Where are pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (Hsc) born?

A

in the bone marrow

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5
Q

Why are pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (Hsc) cool/special?

A

-can differentiate
-have self-renewal properties
-all other immune cells are born from these stem cells

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6
Q

What are the 2 main progenitor cells that pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (Hsc) makes?

A

common lymphoid progenitor and common myeloid progenitor

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7
Q

lymphoid progenitor cells can differentiate into what cells?

A

-B cells
-T cells
-NK cell
-ILC
-immature dendritic cells

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8
Q

The myeloid progenitor cell can differentiate into an immature dendritic cell just like the lymphoid progenitor cell. It can also differentiate into more progenitor cells. List them

A

-granulocyte/macrophage progenitor which will differentiate into granulocytes or macrophages
-megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor which will differentiate into platelets and erythrocytes (RBCs)

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9
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

WBCs, cells with granules

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

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10
Q

Myeloid progenitor cells are mainly innate or adaptive?

A

innate

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11
Q

Lymphoid progenitor cells are mainly innate or adaptive?

A

adaptive

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12
Q

Macrophages are a part of which immune system?

A

both

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13
Q

Mast cells come from the _________ progenitor side

A

myeloid

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14
Q

B cells make……

A

antibodies

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of T cells?

A

T helper and cytotoxic T cells

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16
Q

Macrophages are known for what?

A

engulfing foreign objects/cells and destroying it

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17
Q

Viruses always _________ another cell. Why?

A

acquires

because viruses rely on the genetic info from live host

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18
Q

Viruses cannot get into which cell? Why?

A

RBCs because they don’t have any genetic DNA

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19
Q

If viruses cannot get into RBCs, can bacteria?

A

yes! they are an exception

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20
Q

Platelets ensure what?

A

that blood will clot and trap microorganisms in the immune system

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21
Q

Which immune cell is usually the first line of defense?

A

neutrophils

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22
Q

basophils participate in __________ reactions

A

allergic

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23
Q

Eosinophils help with what?

A

killing parasites/worms

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24
Q

What cell has granules but is not considered a granulocyte?

A

mast cells

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25
Q

Commensal organisms causes little or no host damage whereas __________ damage host tissues

A

pathogens

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26
Q

What is the first line of defense against pathogens?

A

anatomic and chemical barriers

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27
Q

There are 3 strategies hosts use to deal with foreign invaders. What are they?

A

1) Avoidance (mediated by anatomical/chemical barriers)
2) Resistance (host has cellular mechanisms in place to resist pathogens)
3) Tolerance (immunological tolerance, prevent an immune response from being mounted)

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28
Q

What are the anatomic barriers?
hint: there’s 4 things

A

-skin
-oral mucosa
-respiratory epithelium
-intestine

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29
Q

What are the important complement/antimicrobial proteins for chemical defense?

A

C3, defensins, and Reg3

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30
Q

What are the important innate immune cells that help anatomic and chemical barriers? Where are they found?

A

-macrophages
-granulocytes
-NK cells
-found in blood + lymph

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31
Q

What are the adaptive immunity cells that are important for anatomic and chemical barriers?

A

B cells/antibodies and T cells with their memory!

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32
Q

The immune system is activated by inflammatory __________ that indicate the presence of pathogens or tissue damage.

A

inducers

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33
Q

Innate immunity has inflammatory inducers that trigger the immune system to attack. What are some examples of these inflammatory inducers?

A

-bacterial lipopolysaccharides
-ATP
-urate crystals

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34
Q

What are the sensor cells in innate immunity that are activated by inflammatory inducers?

A

-macrophages
-neutrophils
-dendritic cells

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35
Q

What are the mediators of innate immunity?

A

cytokines/cytotoxicity

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36
Q

Innate immune response triggers inflammation, complement activation, phagocytosis, and destruction of pathogen. This can take anywhere from _________ to _______ to respond

A

minutes to days

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37
Q

Adaptive immune response triggers B and T cells and a number of other things. This response time can be anywhere from _________ to __________

A

hours to weeks

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38
Q

Immunological memory takes days to weeks to respond. Their duration of response can be…..

A

lifelong

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39
Q

The myeloid lineage comprises most of the cells of the ________ immune system.

A

innate

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40
Q

List all of the cells of innate immunity

A

-Macrophages
-Granulocytes (WBC such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
-Mast cells
-Dendritic cells

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41
Q

Where can you find macrophages?

A

in almost all tissues, it circulates in the blood

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42
Q

Are macrophages short lived or long lived?

A

long lived

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43
Q

What are the 2 main functions of macrophages?

A

-phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
-antigen presentation

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44
Q

What are the 2 main functions of dendritic cells?

A

-antigen uptake in peripheral sites
-antigen presentation

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45
Q

Which immune cells are the most numerous and the 1st ones to show up with an invader?

A

neutrophils

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46
Q

What are the 2 main functions of neutrophils?

A

-phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
-targeting a vast variety of microbes

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47
Q

What granulocytes are less abundant than neutrophils?

A

eosinophils and basophils

48
Q

What are the main functions of eosinophils and basophils?

A

-defend against parasites too large for macrophages and neutrophils
-respond to allergic reactions

49
Q

What’s the main difference between eosinophil and basophil?

A

eosinophil= killing of antibody-coated parasites

basophil= promotion of allergic response and augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity

50
Q

What are the 2 main functions of mast cells?

A

-release of granules containing histamine and active agents
-protect internal surfaces

51
Q

_____________ cells migrate as immature from the bone marrow and mature in the skin, intestine, and airway mucosa

A

mast

52
Q

What are the roots of “antigen”

A

antigen
anti= antibody
gen= generator

53
Q

Sensor cells express _____________________ that provide an initial discrimination between self and nonself.

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

54
Q

What are the 2 types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

A

-toll-like receptors (TLRs, on the external surface)
-nod-like receptors (NLRs, in the cytoplasm)

55
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize what?
Hint: 7 things

A

-pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMPs)
-danger (DAMPs)
-microbe (MAMPs)
-mannose rich regions
-peptidoglycan
-LPS
-unmethylated DNA

56
Q

Sensor cells induce an inflammatory response by producing mediators such as…

A

chemokines and cytokines

57
Q

Sensor cells induce an inflammatory response by producing mediators such as chemokines and cytokines. Explain this process

A

1) bacteria triggers macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
2) vasodilation and increased permeability causes redness, heat, and swelling (bc of increased blood flow)
3) inflammatory cells migrate into tissue, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain

58
Q

What is the difference between cytokines and chemokines?

A

cytokines travel short distances, chemokines travel long distances

59
Q

Innate lymphocytes and natural killer cells are ___________ cells that come from the common lymphoid progenitor cell (nonspecific)

A

effector

60
Q

Innate lymphoid progenitor cells (ILCs) reside where?

A

in peripheral tissues like the intestine

61
Q

NK cells are nonspecific and play an important role in ___________ infections

A

viral

62
Q

Describe appearance of NK cells

A

large, granular, and lymphoid like

63
Q

Do Nk cells have antigen specificity?

A

no

64
Q

What is the main function of NK cells?

A

release lytic granules that kill some virus infected cells

65
Q

The interaction of antigens with antigen receptors induces lymphocytes to acquire effectors and
generate….

A

immunological memory

66
Q

antigen presenting cells (APCs) present to who?

A

T cells

67
Q

B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) that have to _____ into the antigen. The signal will tell B cells to do what?

A

bump

make antibodies

68
Q

Are antibodies specific?

A

YES very specific against the antigen

69
Q

What does a BCR look like?

A
70
Q

What does a TCR look like?

A
71
Q

What does a cytotoxic T cell do?

A

destroy infected cell

72
Q

What does T helper cell do?

A

helps cytotoxic T cell and B cell

It will release cytokines which will tell the B cells to produce antibodies

73
Q

T cells have a TCR on the surface, however T cells cannot just bump into a free-floating antigen like the B cells can. What needs to happen here?

A

antigen must be presented through APCs

then the T cell will see if it can bind to antigen and recognition signal will trigger T cell to do whatever it needs to get rid of invader

74
Q

Antibodies can bind to free-floating antigens, specifically on the __________

A

epitope

75
Q

APCs have MHC that will load the antigen onto the TCR. Does TCR recognize the entire antigen?

A

no, only recognizes a small portion (epitope)

76
Q

The epitopes recognized by TCRs are often buried. What needs to happen here?

A

1) the antigen must first be broken down into peptide fragments
2) the epitope binds to a self molecule (MHC molecule)
3) the TCR binds to a complex of MHC molecule and epitope peptide

77
Q

What are the APCs?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

78
Q

Antigen-receptor genes are assembled
by ________ gene rearrangements of
incomplete receptor gene segments.

A

somatic

79
Q

Lymphocytes activated by antigen
give rise to _________ of antigen-specific
effector cells that mediate adaptive
immunity.

A

clones

80
Q

A single progenitor cell gives rise to a large number of lymphocytes, each with a different specificity. What happens after?

A
81
Q

What are the postulates of the clonal selection hypothesis?

A
82
Q

What are the processes that can prevent lymphocytes from recognizing self antigens?

A

-clonal deletion
-apoptosis
-anergy (inactive state, cannot divide anymore)

83
Q

________________ arise from stem cells in bone marrow and differentiate into central lymphoid organs

A

Lymphocytes

84
Q

Are lymphocytes activated by an antigen?

A

yes

85
Q

Adaptive immune responses are initiated by antigen and antigen-presenting cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. Describe this process

A

1) immature dendritic cells reside in peripheral tissues
2) dendritic cells migrate via lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes
3) mature dendritic cells activate naive T cells to lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes

86
Q

What is another name for dendritic cells?

A

sentinel cells because they “look out” for invaders

87
Q

____________ cells are the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. They are also usually one of the first ones to communicate with adaptive immunity

A

dendritic

(also note that they are helpful with this because they hangout in mucus membranes)

88
Q

Dendritic cells can do __________ _____________ secretion

A

costimulatory molecule

89
Q

Dendritic TLR bumps into the invader and can send signal through signal transduction. This will spit out _____________ and travel to call other cells to help- starting with innate immunity and then adaptive with MHC

A

cytokines

90
Q

Lymphocytes and lymph return to blood via the ____________ __________

A

thoracic duct

91
Q

Naive lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from the….

A

blood

92
Q

Antigens from sites of infection reach lymph nodes via….

A

lymphatics

93
Q

____________ surfaces have specialized immune structures that orchestrate responses to environmental microbial encounters

A

Mucosal

94
Q

Peyer’s patches are covered by epithelial layer containing specialized cells called __ cells, which have characteristic membrane ruffles. What other cells are also monitoring this region?

A

M

dendritic

95
Q

Peyer’s patches are covered by epithelial layer containing specialized cells called M cells, which have characteristic membrane ruffles. What cells drain into here? What’s so important about this spot?

A

draining T and B cells

prime spot for immunity, BUT also prime spot for invader to breach area

excessive immune reaction can also happen here because of:
-IBS/IBD, crohn’s, etc.

96
Q

Lymphocytes activated by antigen proliferate in the peripheral lymphoid organs are generating effector cells and immunological memory. What does this look like?

A
97
Q

The immune system protects against 4 classes of pathogens. What are they?

A

1) viruses (intracellular)
2) intracellular bacteria, protozoa, parasites
3) extracellular bacteria, parasites, fungi
4) parasitic worms (extracellular)

98
Q

Cytotoxicity occurs with which cells? What is the function of cytotoxicity?

A

NK cells and CD8 T cells

elimination of virally infected and metabolically stressed cells

99
Q

Type 1 intracellular immunity involves which cells? What is the function of Type 1 intracellular immunity ?

A

ILC1 and T helper 1 cells

functions:
-elimination of intracellular pathogens
-activation of macrophages

100
Q

Type 2 mucosal and barrier immunity involves which cells? What is the function of Type 2 mucosal and barrier immunity?

A

ILC2 and T helper 2 cells

functions:
-elimination and expulsion of parasites
-recruitment of eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells

101
Q

Type 3 extracellular immunity involves which cells? What is the function of Type 3 extracellular immunity?

A

ILC3 and T helper cells

functions:
-elimination of extracellular bacteria and fungi
-recruitment and activation of neutrophils

102
Q

Antibodies protect against extracellular pathogens and their_______ products.

A

toxic

103
Q

Immunity mediated by antibodies is ________ immunity

A

Humoral

104
Q

How many classes are there of antibodies?

A

5

105
Q

What are the 3 functions of humoral immunity?

A

1) protect by binding to pathogen/products and neutralizing them (blocking their access to cells, making them nonfunctional by altering shape)
2) OR by opsonization (coating/”tagging” bacteria, Fc receptors of phagocytes bind and destroy)
3) Complement activation (complement proteins are in blood and the goal of them is to release/initiate inflammatory response)

106
Q

What is the end goal of neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation?

A
107
Q

T cells orchestrate cell-mediated immunity and regulate _______ responses to most antigens

A

B-cell

108
Q

Cytotoxic T cells are recognized by what MHC class?

A

MHC class 1

109
Q

Helper T cells are recognized by which MHC class?

A

MHC class 2

110
Q

What is the difference between MHC class 1 and 2 in terms of structure?

A
111
Q

T cells orchestrate cell-mediated immunity and regulate B-cell responses to most antigens. Describe this process

A

1) virus infects cell
2) viral proteins/antigen synthesized in cytosol
3) peptide fragments of viral proteins bound by MHC class 1 in ER
4) bound peptides transported by MHC class 1 to the cell surface

112
Q

Which T cell recognizes complex of viral peptides with MHC class 1 and kills infected cells?

A

cytotoxic T cell

113
Q

Which T cell recognizes complex of bacterial peptides with MHC class 2 and activates macrophages?

A

T helper 1 cells

114
Q

What’s the difference between a resting infected macrophage and an activated infected macrophage?

A

resting macrophage= mycobacterium stays

activated infected macrophage= lysosome fuses and kills bacteria

115
Q

What is the most effective means of controlling infectious diseases?

A

vax

Immuno (7 decks)

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