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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of structure and form

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2
Q

macroscopic/gross anatomy

A

large body structures visible to the eye. exs. systemic, regional, surface, comparative, embryology

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3
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

study of structures that requires magnification to be seen. exs. cytology, histology

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4
Q

physiology

A

the study of function
-how organisms perform vital functions and how function is altered.
-focuses mainly on molecular and cellular levels

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5
Q

characteristics of living organisms
1. growth and development

A

increase in size and specialization

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6
Q

characteristics of living organisms
2.metabolism

A

sum of chemical reactions

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7
Q

characteristics of living organisms
3. responsiveness

A

sense and react to stimuli

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8
Q

characteristics of living organisms
4. regulation

A

adjust internal function as the environment changes

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9
Q

characteristics of living organisms
5. reproduction

A

produce new cells for growth, maintenance, repair, production of offspring

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10
Q

characteristics of living organisms
6. organization

A

have complex structure and order

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11
Q

characteristics of living organisms
1
2
3
4
5
6

A
  1. growth and development
  2. metabolism
  3. responsiveness
  4. regulation
  5. reproduction
  6. organization
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12
Q

levels of organization
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. chemical level
  2. cellular level
  3. tissue level
  4. organ level
  5. organ system level
  6. organismal level
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13
Q

levels of organization
1.

A

chemical level

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14
Q

atoms

A

smallest unit of matter exhibiting characteristics of an element

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15
Q

molecules

A

combinations of atoms ex glucose

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16
Q

organelles

A

specialized microscopic subunits in cells. ex. ribosomes make proteins

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17
Q

levels of organization
2.

A

cellular level
-smallest unit of life
- structural building blocks
-produced from pre-existing cells

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18
Q

levels of organization
3.

A

tissue level
-groups of similar cells perform a common function

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19
Q

tissue level subtypes (4)

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscular
  4. nervous
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20
Q

tissue level subtypes (4)
1. epithelial

A

cover and line surfaces

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21
Q

tissue level subtypes (4)
2. connective

A

bind, protect, support

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22
Q

tissue level subtypes (4)
3.muscular

A

produce movement

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23
Q

tissue level subtypes (4)
4. nervous

A

communication

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24
Q

levels of organization
4.

A

organ level
-two or more tissues working together to perform a specific, complex function

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25
Q

levels of organization
5.

A

organ system level
-related organs that work together to coordinate activities and function ex. respiratory system

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26
Q

levels of organization
6.

A

organismal level (the person)

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27
Q

respiratory system

A

gas exchange between air in the lungs and blood

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28
Q

nervous system

A

control muscles and some glands, respond to stimuli, consciousness, memory, intelligence

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29
Q

muscular system

A

produce body movements, generate heat

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30
Q

reproductive system

A

produce sex cells and hormones; in females, growth and development of embryo/fetus/newborn

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31
Q

lymphatic system

A

transport and filter lymph, participate in immune response

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32
Q

urinary system

A

filter waste from blood, concentrate and expel waste as urine

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33
Q

digestive system

A

mechanically and chemically break down food, absorb nutrients, expel waste

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34
Q

endocrine system

A

secrete hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, digestion, reproduction, and maintain homeostasis

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35
Q

integumentary system

A

protect, regulate body temperature, vitamin D synthesis, prevent water loss

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36
Q

cardiovascular system

A

move blood through body to distribute hormones/nutrients, and pick up waste

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37
Q

skeletal system

A

support, protect, hemopoiesis, calcium, and phosphorous storage, muscle attachment

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38
Q

anatomical postion

A

-standing upright, feet parallel flat on floor
-upper limbs at sides palms forward
-head level, eyes forward

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39
Q

anterior/ventral

A

toward the front

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40
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

toward the back

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41
Q

superior

A

above

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42
Q

inferior

A

below

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43
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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44
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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45
Q

ipsilateral

46
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

47
Q

proximal

A

closer to attachment

48
Q

distal

A

farther from attachment

49
Q

superficial

A

near body surface

50
Q

deep

A

away from body surface

51
Q

sagittal

A

vertical division between left and right

52
Q

midsagittal

A

split down midline resulting in equal left and right halves

53
Q

coronal/frontal

A

vertical division between anterior and posterior

54
Q

transverse/horizontal

A

horizontal division between superior and inferior

55
Q

cephalic

56
Q

frontal (regional anatomy)

57
Q

orbital

58
Q

buccal

59
Q

nasal

60
Q

oral

61
Q

mental

62
Q

thoracic

A

area between chest and neck

63
Q

axillary

64
Q

mammary

65
Q

pectoral

66
Q

sternal

67
Q

coxal

68
Q

inguinal

69
Q

cervical

70
Q

deltoid

71
Q

bracial

72
Q

antecubital

A

front of elbow

73
Q

olecranal

74
Q

antebrachial

75
Q

carpal

76
Q

manus

77
Q

palmar

78
Q

digital

79
Q

femoral

80
Q

patellar

81
Q

popliteal

A

posterior of knee

82
Q

crural

83
Q

sural

84
Q

calcaneal

85
Q

plantar surface

86
Q

pes

87
Q

tarsal

88
Q

cranial

A

surrounding the brain

89
Q

occipital

A

back of head

90
Q

auricular

91
Q

vertebral

A

spinal column

92
Q

lumbar

A

lower back

93
Q

gluteal

94
Q

parts of the axial region (4)

A
  1. cephalic
  2. cervical
  3. thoracic
  4. abdominal
95
Q

parts of the appendicular region (6)

A
  1. brachial
  2. antebrachial
    3.carpal
  3. femoral
  4. crural
  5. tarsal
96
Q

serous membrane

A

thin layer of epithelial tissue, looks like 2 layers, is actually one folded back on itself

97
Q

serous membrane, outer layer

A

parietal layer

98
Q

serous membrane, inner layer

A

visceral layer

99
Q

serous fluid

A

fills the cavity between the two layers

100
Q

function of serous fluid

A

watery, slippery
lubricates organs to prevent friction

101
Q

regional anatomy

A

examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit

102
Q

systemic anatomy

A

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

103
Q

surface anatomy

A

focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them. ex. you use superficial markings to know where to do CPR

104
Q

physiology focuses on the _______ or _____ level to gain an understanding of how organ systems work

A

molecular or cellular

105
Q

an increase in body size is _______ and an increased specialization as related to form and function is_______

A

growth; development

106
Q

true or false: as the human body grows in size, structures such as the brain grow or become more complex

107
Q

appendicular region

A

upper and lower limbs that attach to the axial region

108
Q

the anatomical term for the posterior region between the hip bones is

109
Q

olecranon

A

posterior aspect of the elbow

110
Q

pubic

A

anterior region of the pelvis

111
Q

umbilicus

A

the central point that is used when the abdomen is divided into four quadrants

112
Q

when a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best described as______

A

positive feedback

BMS 250 (2 decks)

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