CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
is the study of carbon and carbon compounds
organic chemistry
what are the carbon compounds present in organic chemistry?
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate
a carbon compound made up exclusively of carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbons
________ is the chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives
organic chemistry
a theory it is held that organic substances could originate only from living material, where organic compounds were exclusively of plant and animal orgin and that artificial preparation of these compounds was considered impossible
vital force theory
it is a special energy or force belonging only to the plant and animal cells
vital force
who overthrown the vital force theory?
Wohler
what did wohler do to overthrow the vital force theory
made urea by heating ammonium cyante (NH4OCN) which is an inorganic compound
what was developed after Wohler overthrow the vital force theory?
Synthetic organic compounds
what are the major sources of organic compounds?
plants, animals, microorganisms, coal and petroleum
what organic compounds are derived from plants?
starch, cellulose
what organic compounds are derived from animals?
fats and proteins
what organic compounds are derived from coal?
coal tar, drugs, benzene and phenols
what organic compounds are derived from wood?
wood alcohol, acetone, acetic acid
what organic compounds are derived from petroleum?
gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils
what organic compounds are derived from natural gas?
methane
what organic compounds are derived from fermentation processes
ethyl alcohol and acetone
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (fats, proteins)
animals
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (starch, cellulose)
plants
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils)
petroleum
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (methane)
natural gas
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (ethyl alcohol, acetone)
fermentation processes
where are the sources of the organic compounds came from? (coal tar, drugs, benzene, phenol)
coal
what are the elements that make up most of the organic compounds?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, the halogens (Cl,Br,I), phosphorus and sulfur
what are the properties of organic compounds?
low boiling points, low melting points, low solubility in water, high solubility in nonpolar solvents, flammable, covalent bonding, solutions are non-conductors of electricity, exhibit isomerism, less stable towards heat, rarely ionize, less reactive
what are the properties of inorganic compounds?
high boiling points,high melting points, high solubility in water, low solubility in nonpolar, nonflammable, ionic bonding, solutions are conductors, isomerism is limited, stable towards heat, ionize readily, more reactive
it is the phenomenon of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of their atoms
isomerism
what do you call the various individual compounds of isomerism?
isomers
it is in the middle of the second period in the periodic table and has an atomic number of 6. six orbital electrons. two of these orbital electrons make the first shell of electrons, leaving four electrons in the outer valence shell available for bonding purposes.
carbon
describe carbon
-middle of the second period in the periodic table
-atomic number of 6
-six orbital electrons
-two of the orbital electrons make the first shell of electrons, leaving four electrons in the outer valence shell available for bonding purposes
what can carbon attain?
a stable rare gas configuration by losing four valence electrons to form C^+4 or gain four valence electrons to form C^-4
how do carbon bonds with other elements?
by sharing electrons specifically covalent bonds and attain the inert gas configuration
what is the single property of carbon that is responsible for the large number of its compounds?
catenation
it is the ability of an atom to bond to itself to form chains and rings
catenation
carbon can share electrons not only with itself and with ___________ but with many other simple elements to form _________ and _____________
hydrogen, cyclic organic compounds and linear-chain compounds
it is one or more series of atoms in the compound that is connected to form a ring
cyclic organic compounds
are materials that are composed of one-dimensional arrays of metal-metal bonded molecules or ions
linear chain compound
it is an atom central to all organic compounds
carbon atom
what is the atomic number of the atom?
6
what is the carbon’s electron structure?
1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^2
how many valence electrons are formed?(Carbon in a ground state)
4
how many bonds does a carbon capable of forming?
single, double and triple bonds
it represents a single bond which is formed by sharing one pair of electrons
dash
what does the dash represent?
covalent bond
is formed when there is sharing of two pairs of electrons
double bond
it happens where there are three pairs of electrons shared
triple bond
it represents an entire series of compounds
general formula
it gives the actual number of atoms of the constituent elements in the molecule
molecular formula
shows the arrangement of the atoms or group of atoms in the molecule
structural formula
shows all the bonds of the atoms in the molecule
graphical formula
this are the various classes of compounds which are identified by the presence of certain characteristics called ____________
functional groups
it is the portion of the molecule that is highly reactive and which therefore participates most readily in chemical reactions
functional groups
each class exists as a ___________ that exhibits similar chemical properties as a result of having a common functional group
homologous series
a process where the substance is dissolved in a solvent and again put in crystalline form under conditions which insure greater purity
crystallization (recrystallization)
what is the suitable solvent for crystallization?
one in which the compound shows high solubility when hot, moderate solubility when cold
what happens when hot saturated solution cools?
crystals of the compound deposit
what do you do if crystallization is slow?
induced seeding or scratching the glass with a glass rod
in the crystallization process how are the crystals separated from the mother liquor?
filtering through a buchner funnel and a filtering flask
is employed to remove a solute from a solvent (A) usually water, a second solvent (B) chloroform.
extraction
what is solvent is usually used to remove a solute from a solvent?
water
what are the conditions in using chloroform?
- it must dissolve the solute more freely than does solvent (a)
- it must be almost immiscible with (a)
during the extraction process the standing liquids separates into how many layers?
2 layers
how are the 2 layers removed during the extraction process?
separatory funnel
what are the suitable liquids for extraction from water?
chloroform, ethylether benzene, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide
it is a process where the substance passes directly from the solid to the gaseous state when heated, and again from vapor to solid upon cooling, with the intermediate appearance of the liquid state?
sublimation
what is the advantages and disadvantages of using sublimation? when is it usually used?
operation is slow but the product is usually very pure. it is usually used during small amount of material is to be purified
it is the process of heating an impure liquid to a gas and then cooling the gas to condense it back to a liquid
distillation
what does distillation result into?
separation of impurities from a sample because of a differences in the boiling points
what is also determined during distillation process?
boiling point is determined
it results in separation of impurities from a sample because of differences in the boiling points?
distillation
what is left in the distilling flask when distillation is done?
non-volatile matter
what are the parts of distillation setup in the distillation setup
distilling flask, thermometer, condenser, water inlet, water outlet, adapter curve, receiver
it is where the impure liquids is placed in the distillation setup
distilling flask
it indicate the temperature of the vapor in the distillation setup
thermometer
converts the vapor to liquid in the distillation setup
condenser
where the water enter in the distillation set up?
water inlet
in the distillation setup it is where the water pases out?
water outlet
in the distillation setup it is where it guides the flow of the distillate to the receiver
adapter curve
in the distillation setup it is the container of the distillate
receiver
what are the three behaviors present when two miscible liquids is boiled?
-boiling point varies uniformly with the composition of the mixture and is always lower than the boiling point of the least volatile component and greater than that of the most volatile
-boiling point varies with the composition but at one particular composition the boiling point has a maximum value greater than that of the least volatile component
-the boiling point varies with the composition but at one particular composition the boiling point has a minimum value, less than that of the most volatile component
a process where we want to know whether or not a given compound is pure?
establishing the purity of organic compounds
it is established by determining that its physical constants are identical with those already recorded in the literature for that compound
purity of a known organic compound
what are the physical constants that are used to determine the purity of an organic compound?
density, refractive index, melting and boiling point
it is defined as the temperature at which the solid and liquid forms exist in equilibrium with each other at atmospheric pressure
melting point of a substance
what is the process of melting point determination?
heating a very small amount of sample in the capillary tube with a thermometer, a bath is immersed in suitable heating until the substance is entirely liquid.
what is the true melting range point of a pure substance?
0.2 to 0.5 degrees apart
it gives a sharp, constant melting points
pure compound
what does the pure compound give?
sharp, constant melting points.
the melting point determination is a valuable test for _________ and serves as means of ____________.
purity, means of identifying the compoound
it lowers the melting point below the true value and the melting range between the incipient and complete liquifaction will be much greater than for the pure compound.
impurities soluble in liquid
it is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure.
boiling point
is the boiling point of a pure substance constant or not?
constant
if the external pressure remains the same, the boiling point of a pure substance is __________.
constant
if _____________ are present they will vaporize with the pure substance when the mixture is boiled.
volatile impurities
elements that are commonly detected in organic compounds?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and halogens
what are the process of detecting a carbon?
charring or heating, with conc. sulfuric acid, with cupric oxide
what do you call the test for the detection of carbon and hydrogen?
cupric oxide
a process where organic compounds blacken on heating nor blackening of a substance?
charring or heating
results when conc. sulfuric acid is added to an organic compound
conc. sulfuric acid
what happens when sugar is treated with conc. sulfuric acid?
becomes black
what happens when organic compounds are heated with curpric oxide?
oxidized
what happens when carbon is oxidized?
it becomes carbon dioxide
what happens when carbon dioxide is added with limewater or baryta water?
white precipitate
what are the process of detection of nitrogen?
prussian blue test, burnt hair or feather odor, soda-lime process (NaOH+CaO)
happens when organic compound is fused with metallic sodium, fused mass is dissolved in water, treated with ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride.
prussian blue test
what compounds are fused towards the metallic sodium?
organic compounds
in the process of prussian blue test, the fused mass is dissolved in water and is treated with?
ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride
what is the precipitate of the prussian test?
blue
what is the blue precipitate that forms in the prussian blue test?
ferriferrocyanide
what odor is produced when an organic compound is heated alone?
odor of a burnt hair or feather
in the burnt hair or feather odor process, what does it indicate?
presence of nitrogen
a test where some organic compounds which contain nitrogen when heated with soda-lime gives a gas with a urine-like odor which turns wet red litmus to blue
soda-lime process
what odor does the soda-lime process creates?
urine-like odor
what turns wet red litmus to blue in the experiment of soda-lime process?
ammonia
what is the smell of ammonia?
urine-like odor
what are the test used to detect sulfur?
silver coin test, sodium nitroprusside and lead acetate test
a process in the detection of sulfur where a drop of solution (organic compound fused with metallic sodium and dissolved in water) is dropped into a silver coin
silver coin test
what solution is dropped into a silver coin for the detection of sulfur
organic compound fused with metallic sodium and dissolved in water
what is produced on the coin if sulfur is present during the silver coin test?
black stain
a process of the detection of sulfur where sodium nitroprusside gives a red-violet color upon standing indicates sulfur is present
sodium nitroprusside
what solution is used in the sodium nitroprusside test?
organic compound fused with metallic sodium and dissolved in water with sodium nitroprusside
what does the solution of organic compound fused with metallic sodium and dissolved in water with sodium nitroprusside give what color?
red-violet color
what does the test of sodium nitroprusside indicate if the solution is red-violet in color?
presence of sulfur
sulfide + nitroprusside = what color? and what test does it belong to? and it detects what?
red-violet, belongs to the detection of sulfur namely “Sodium nitroprusside”and it detects the presence of sulfur
a portion of the solution (organic compound fused with metallic sodium and dissolved in water) is treated with lead acetate, the formation of a black precipitate of lead sulfide indicates the presence of sulfur
lead acetate test
what is formed in the experiment lead acetate test
the formation of a black precipitate of lead sulfide
lead acetate and sodium sulfide creates the formation? and indicates the presence of?
black precipitate and presence of sulfur
what are the test that indicates the presence of phosphorus?
ammonium molybdate test, magnesia mixture
a detection of phosphorus where the formation of a yellow crystalline precipitate indicates the presence of phosphorus in the organic compound?
ammonium molybdate test
what is form during the ammonium molybdate test?
yellow crystalline precipitate
what does the yellow precipitate in the ammonium molybdate test indicates?
indicates the presence of phosphorus in the organic compound
in the ammonium molybdate test what is the yellow precipitate called and give its chemical formula
ammonium phospho-molybdate (NH4)3PO4 . 12MoO3
it is a mixture of magnesium chloride, ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide is added to the solution of phosphate, what precipitate is formed? and what does it indicate?
white crystalline, presnce of phosphates
what is the chemical formula of the precipitate of magnesium ammonium phosphate?
MgNH4PO4
what test is used for the detection of halogens?
beilstein test (general test for halogens), silver nitrate test, carbon tetrachloride
described the beilstein test process?
heating the clean copper wire in the bunsen flame, creating the presence of a green flame. does not show which halogen is present but only indicates the presence of halogen
what is formed during the decomposition of copper halide?
Green flame
in the silver nitrate test, what forms an insoluble silver halide with silver nitrate solution in the presence of dilute nitric acid
sodium halides
a test where sodium halides form an insoluble silver halide with silver nitrate solution in the presence of dilute nitric acid
silver nitrate test
what is necessary to remove by the process of boiling in the silver nitrate test? and why?
cyanid and sulfide ions, these ions forms precipitates which will interfere with the detection of the halogens
in the silver nitrate test, the silver halide gives off what color?
white to yellow color
