Chapter 1

Question 1

Self-regulation

Answer 1

Involves altering pattern of thinking

Self monitor process

Question 2

the hot system

Answer 2

is responsible for quick emotional response to unconditional and conditional triggers
Quick-based on feelings-stimulus control-develops early in life-accentuated by stress.

Question 3

the cool system

Answer 3

designed for complex representation and thought
It is without emotion
Slow-devoid of emotion-self control-develops later in life-attenuated by stress.

Question 4

approach behavior

Answer 4

people do things because of something they want, desire, or need
Sometimes it’s a specific goal object (sandwich) sometimes it’s not (independence)

Question 5

avoidant behavior

Answer 5

fear, anxious, survival is threatened and may not always be a specific goal object

Question 6

Gray

Answer 6

• suggested that people have 2 nervous systems: approach system & avoidance system
• there is a biological basis for both and we can inherit different amounts from each system

Question 7

Sensory input to the brain

Answer 7

two distinct routes-one route travels to the part of the brain that handles threat, and the other that deals with rational analysis.

Question 8

System that analyzes threat

Answer 8

The part of the brain that deals with survival and gets the message first, so initial reaction is often emotional
is very crude and can sometimes be wrong, so it will shut down the emotional system

Question 9

Motivation theorist

Answer 9

for every behavior there’s a cause

Question 10

approach behavior

Answer 10

• want, desire, need
• often conceptualized in terms of specific goal
  object
• sometimes it doesn’t immediately give rise to a specific object

Question 11

avoidant behavior

Answer 11

can be of a specific goal object

Question 12

anxiety (avoidant behavior)

Answer 12

may not elicit a specific goal object, instead they experience a generalized sense of dread

Question 13

contemporary motivation theorist

Answer 13

An attempt to adapt

What arouses and energizes behavior

Question 14

What governs the direction of our behavior

Answer 14

goal theory- what makes you want to go on

e.g. eating- restraint, entertainment, survival

Question 15

contemporary theories cont’d

Answer 15

Understanding persistence
What role does persistence play in success
e.g. no pain no gain, intrinsic motivation, optimism or hope

Question 16

Role of feelings

Answer 16

• Affect
• caused by chemical reactions
• monitor them to guide our actions
• tell us how we are adapting
• closely linked to survival

Question 17

Affect theories

Answer 17

people approach things to experience a + affect, avoid things that cause - affect.

Question 18

individual differences

Answer 18

• Evolutionary Psychologist- biology and genes
• Gender
• Learning, cognition, and culture

Question 19

Evolutionary psychologist

Answer 19

interested in why people behave the way they do

Question 20

Do humans have will

Answer 20

• Create your own destiny/Volition
• Create a “new” your
• construct a world of success and achievement
• Self-regulation of behavior

Question 21

volition

Answer 21

there are few-if any- limits of what we can do and what we can become through self regulation

Question 22

Instinct theories

Answer 22

• Freud’s libido goal object, learning, and cognition

- Innate or biological basis for adaptive behavior, instincts that emerge from hardwiring of the brain.

Question 23

Maslow

Answer 23

Humanistic theorist- humans are basically good and have an innate tendency to grow

Question 24

Rogers

Answer 24

• One basic tendency -to actualize, maintain and enhance the experiencing self
• need for positive regard
• listen to your inner voices and not the social voice

Question 25

Cognitive theory

Answer 25

humans form mental representations of their environment, which they use to guide behavior

Question 26

Expectancy-value theories

Answer 26

people choose the option that with the best combination of expectancy and value

Question 27

Social cognitive

Answer 27

self-efficacy, self-concept, goal setting

Question 28

behaviorism

Answer 28

• we learn to be who we are

- behavior is shaped by the environment

Question 29

Social learning theories

Answer 29

modeling the behavior of another person

Question 30

Skinner’s Reinforcement Theories

Answer 30

Rewards and punishment

Question 31

Need theory

Answer 31

needs are what gives direction to behavior

Question 32

Goal theory

Answer 32

• Goals give rise to action

- Goals create tension, and individuals move toward the goal to reduce tension

Question 33

Traditional reward theory (Persistence)

Answer 33

• suggest that we are inclined to repeat behaviors that make us feel good (+ reinforcement),and discontinue behaviors that make us feel bad (- reinforcement).
• when there are no rewards, persistence grows out of intrinsic motivation
• ego involvement and extrinsic reward
• hope and optimism