Chapter 1 Flashcards
As nurses, there are challenges that comes along our way. What do we call the challenges that can profoundly affect the nursing behavior and nursing practice to the detriment of patient health outcomes?
Moral Distress
Occurs when no one knows the right thing to do, but constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of actions.
Moral Distress
As nurses, we experience or encounter the challenge of moral distress. As there are classifications on how to determine where moral distress is associated with, what moral distress is concern with continuing life support measures perceived not in the patient’s best interest or futile care?
Professional anguish over patient care decisions
It is another classification where moral distress is associated into. this is focus on poor communications , bullying, working with incompetent colleagues, witnessing practice errors and lack of collegial collaboration.
Team and unit level concerns
This is the other classification where moral distress is associated. It is the feeling of unsupported by senior administration and institutional culpability as a result of health care processes and system constraints impeding reliable patient care delivery.
System-level factors
What do clinicians experience where ethical dilemmas as a consequences of the challenging reality of providing healthcare within a complex health care system?
Sense of awareness
It is considered to be the central to the study of ethics.
Concepts of Human Acts
Are voluntary acts which proceeds from the free will. It depend on human judgement and choice hence entail a moral responsibility.
Human Acts
He asserted that , in the study of moral philosophy or ethics human acts are said to be proceeding from man’s will according to the dictates of reason.
St. Thomas Aquinas
Acts performed by the individual which are not subject to his will and reason are not called strictly human acts but rather are
Natural acts
Can become human acts when he employs his intellect & will in performing the act.
Acts of man
It is the field of philosophy that specifically studies human acts in the light of morality. The issue of man’s actions in every stage of life will always be a source of enduring philosophical wonder.
Ethics
“The unexamined life is not worth living” is a line of
Socrates
A nursing philosopher first introduced moral distress, known as moral dilemma in his book in 1984, which means ethical distress.
Jameton
Presented the first model of moral distress which he defined as the experienced mental imbalance and negative emotion when the individual makes an ethical decision but is not able to act in line with their decision.
Wilkinson
Author of Ethics Primer. She wrote that Aristotle critiqued Plato’s form of good, that there exists multiple virtues of varying degrees.
Dr. Ma. Liza Ocampo
Can be understood not only on how the said good affects himself but also with those around him since man is a political animal. Can be understood in an empirical manner.
The sense of good or the good of man
All forms of good actions seek happiness.
True
The content of moral goodness passes through
Reason and will
The mark of moral goodness passes through
Rationality among different people, places, and cultures
It’s a good which is desired in itself because of its intrinsic goodness, which means that man naturally tends towards these goods. Example: any virtue, health, science, and Wellness.
Honorable good
It is a moral good that is the same honorable good in as much as its possession silences desire and produces joy. Examples are any sense-perceptible good in so far as it produces pleasure or delight and the satisfaction produced by virtue of scientific knowledge.
Pleasurable good
Is a good which not desired for its own goodness but for the sake of attaining some other good.
Useful good
It is objective and is not a matter of man’s subjective take on the goodness of the things in the world.
Goodness
It refers to the plan of divine wisdom leading all creation towards its goal.
Eternal Law
It is the participation in the eternal law by the rational creature
Normal Moral Law
Is itself the eternal law, implanted in beings endowed with reason, and inclining them towards their right action and end.
Natural Law
It is a law designed to protect the freedom of the people.
Civil Law
These are the norms in which are a product of the time and space-related concerns. Meaning such norms have to consider the living conditions and needs of a particular culture in the context of time and space it is happening.
Cultural Norms
These are formal statements of the group’s ideals and values that are shared by members of the group, reflects their moral judgment overtime, and serves as a standard for their professional actions.
Code of Ethics
Considered as an important practical science since it studies how human acts are directed towards man’s purpose or end.
Ethics
He identified four elements of ethical action which psychological processes that occur before moral behavior take.
James Rest
It is the recognition that an ethical problem exists. Such recognition requires being aware of how our behavior impacts others, identifying possible courses of action, and determining the consequences of each potential strategy.
Moral Sensitivity
After determining there is an ethical problem, decision makers then choose among the courses of action identified in common components.
Moral Judgement or Reasoning
After reaching a conclusion about the best course of action, decision-makers must be motivated to follow through on their choices. Moral values often conflict with other important values like job security, career advancement, social acceptance, and wealth. What component of moral behavior does this explain?
Moral motivation
Moral agents must overcome active opposition, cope with fatigue, resist distractions, and develop sophisticated strategies for reaching their goals. In sum, there must persist in a moral task or action despite obstacles. Which moral component does this describe?
Moral Character
Ethics according to Aristotle comes from the Greek word “ethos” or “ethous”. and corresponds to the Latin term “mos” or “moris”. What does it mean by ethos?
Way of behaving
Is a branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of morality and the well-defined standards of right and wrong that prescribe the human character and conduct, in terms of obligations, rights, rules, benefit to society.
Ethics
It is the applied discipline that studies the ethical dimensions and issues in nursing practice.
Nursing Ethics
This was born as a response to scientific social progress. Such progress resulted in threatening conditions and critical concerns that also raised doubts about human’s ability to survive.
Bioethics
She describes early nursing ethics as nurse-centric, relationally based, addressed nurse’s ethical comportment in all roles, advanced the social ethics of nursing specially in response in health to disparities in health and set forth ethical expectations for the profession as a whole.
Dr. Marcia D. Fowler
American Nursing has an extraordinary body of nursing ethics literature from the 1880s to the mid-1960s
Early Nursing Ethics
Early modern nursing, from the founding of nursing schools in 1873, view ethics education as essential, and essential, and held that the role of nursing education was equal parts nursing preparation and moral formation.
Ethics education as moral formation
Tuskegee, Alabama, US Gov’t had syphilis experiment among 400 black americans (1947) who were not treated despite the discovery of penicillin.
1930-1970
Nuremberg Code. Condemned all experimentation on human subjects their consent in response to Nazi’s experiments.
1947
Tumor cells were injected without consent to elderlies at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital in Brooklyn New York
1963
Studies on viral hepatitis immunization at willowbrook state hospital in newyork where handicapped children were inoculate with the virus.
1965-1971
Study and formulate norms especially in the context of research and experiment in the biomedical field.
Hasting Center
Introduced the term bioethics in two publications. He said that bioethics is broader in scope than traditional medical ethics
Van Rensseler Poteer
Bioethics in two publications
The science of survival. Bridge to the Future.
A young obstetrician as an expert in fetal physiology. He direct the Kennedy institute for the Human Reproduction and Bioethics of Georgetown University.
Andre Hellegers
Refers to the contents of the 1978 Encyclopedia of bioethics recognizes for areas in which bioethics has competence.
Erice Document
Ethical Formulations, discussion of values and first principles, documentary
General Bioethics
Analyze the major problems always as part of the general approach both in medical field and in biology.
Particular Bioethics
Application of ethical theories and accepted general principles to concrete clinical cases seeking guidelines of actions
Clinical Bioethics
Do not harm and paternalism. Foundation of medicine
The Hippocratic Oath and Writings
Personhood & virtues behavior
Greek Philosophers
Foundation of the concept of person. Theological significance of care
Christianity
Condemned all experimentation on human subjects without their consent
Nuremberg Code
Unitotality of body and spirit and from faith perspective, image of God
The dignity of human Person
The human person has the rational ability to know reality and the structure of values
Realism Cognitivism
The human intellect is able to move from phenomenon to foundation and to understand what ought to be from what is….
A metaphysical View of Reality
National Commission for the protection of Human Subject of Biomedical and behavioral research
National Research Act 1974
