Chapter 1

Question 1

Wilhelm Wundt (5)

Answer 1

-Father of experimental psychology

-Established first psych lab

-Studied psych by empirically driven experiments

-He thought that consciousness was tied to your will
-(known as voluntarism)

Question 2

Edward Titchener (1867-1927)

Answer 2

-Developed structuralism as an attempt to try to identify all the elements of consciousness.

-Introspection- careful, reflective and systematic observation of the details of mental processes

-The goal was to describe observable mental processes

-The principle was rejected by other psychologists, but some elements survived

-Scientific study should focus on simple elements as building blocks of complex experiences.

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

-Set up first psychology lab in the united states

-Wrote the first psychology text book

-Functionalism- The flow of consciousness
James believed that mental processes were fluid “stream of consciousness” instead of fixed elements (structuralists viewpoint)

-Emphasized the functions of the mind in adapting to a changing environment

Question 4

Gestalt psychologists

Answer 4

-Consciousness cannot be broken down into elements

-Said that we perceive things as whole perceptual units

-The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

-learning is tied to what we perceive

Question 5

Sigmund freud (1856-1939)

Answer 5

-The belief that people’s behaviours are based on their unconscious desires and conflicts

• psychoanalysis aimed to resolve unconscious conflicts

-One of the first people to talk about childhood

-He found out that trauma causes stress

Question 6

behaviourism

Answer 6

psychological research should only focus on behaviour you can observe

Question 7

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

Answer 7

Proposed research findings form the study of animals could help explain human behaviour

Question 8

Ivan pavlov (1849-1936)

Answer 8

-Discovered dogs could learn to associate a bell with an automatic behaviour (salivating for food)

-Called classical conditioning

Question 9

John B.Watson (1878-1958)

Answer 9

Conducted the “little albert” experiment, demonstrating that children (people could be classically conditioned

Question 10

B.F Skinner (1904-1990)

Answer 10

-Developed operant conditioning to shape behaviour

-Used reinforcement to change the frequency of the expression of a behaviour

-Positive reinforcement increases and
Negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

Question 11

Albert Bandura (1925)

Answer 11

-Described learning by social observation in children

-We now know that this type of learning can be observed in several species of primates.

Question 12

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

Answer 12

-Developed “client-centred therapy”

-The client is an equal, and a client’s thoughts and feelings should be mirrored

-The atmosphere should have unconditional support and positive regard

Question 13

Positive psychology

Answer 13

New psychological movement that studies human strengths, fulfilment, and creativity.

Question 14

Ulric Neisser (1928-2012)

Answer 14

-“cognitive psychology” : the study of information processing

-The role of mental processes in how people process information, develop language, solve problems and think

-Cognitive psychologists compared the human mind to a computer

Question 15

Donald Hebb (1904-1985)

Answer 15

-Canadian scientist that developed the concept of a cell assembly

-Neurons develop networks of connections based on experiences as we develop and interact with our environments

Question 16

Psychology

Answer 16

using the scientific method to study human behaviour and mental processes

Question 17

Pseudo - psychology (pseudoscience)

Answer 17

-no use of the scientific method when commenting on human behaviour and mental processes (spiritual people putting rods over water and telling you your future)

-examples : some types of hypothesis ; crystal therapy

Question 18

Deductive reasoning -

Answer 18

looking at the result and working backwards then making a prediction

Question 19

Inductive reasoning -

Answer 19

observation experiment, predictions, theory

Question 20

Hypothetic Deductive reasoning

Answer 20

(what we usually use in psychology) - hypothesis, observation/ experiment, hypothesis supported or not supported: theory built

Question 21

How do psychologists conduct research : steps in a scientific investigation

Answer 21

Step 1 - identify questions of interest and review the literature

Step 2- develop a testable hypothesis (must be operationally defined)

Step 3- select a method, choose participations and collect the data

Step 4 - analyse the data and accept or reject the hypothesis

Step 5 - seek scientific review, publish and replicate

Step 6 - build a theory

Question 22

Descriptive research:

Answer 22

-case studies, naturalistic observations, surveys

Purpose- observe, collect and record data (meets the descriptive goal of psychology)

advantage - good for developing early ideas, easier to collect data

Disadvantage- little or no control over variables

Question 23

Experimental research:

Answer 23

Manipulation and control of variables

Purpose: identify cause and effect ( meets the explanation goal of psychology)

Advantage: allows researchers precise control over variables and to identify cause and effect

Disadvantage: ethical concerns, practical limits

Question 24

Statistics

Answer 24

• describe and measure relationships between variables

Question 25

Descriptive research -

Answer 25

descriptive research is defined as a research method that involves observing behaviour to describe attributes, objectively and systematically,

Question 26

Correlational research

Answer 26

correlation indicate if there is a relationship between the variables

Question 27

Experimental research- short

Answer 27

• statistics indicate if the hypothesis has been supported or if there is a meaningful difference between the groups.

Question 28

operational definition

Answer 28

is how we (the researcher) decide to measure our variables

Question 29

Variability

Answer 29

how much scores vary from each other and from the mean

Question 30

Standard deviation

Answer 30

numerical depiction of variability

High variability in data set = high standard deviation

Low variability in data set = low standard deviation

Question 31

Random assignment

Answer 31

The researcher should randomly assign who goes in which group

Helps groups be balanced in terms of any other factor that could influence the results

Question 32

Double-blind

Answer 32

They don’t know what the hypothesis is, you don’t know what the hypothesis, we are both blind), stops people acting the way that they think you want to

Question 33

Experimental group

Answer 33

the group that is exposed to the iv ( manipulation or treatment)

Question 34

Control group-

Answer 34

the group that isn’t exposed to the IV; this group is used to compare how the iv changes the DV