Chapter 1

Question 1

Cytoplasm

Answer 1

Is a colloidal internal fluid environment that contains water, ions, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

Is the mastermind of the cell; contains genetic material (DNA) that regulates cellular activity

Question 3

Cellular Edema

Answer 3

When a disease alters the plasma membranes configuration, excess fluid can enter the cells internal environment causing swelling

Question 4

Cellular Dehydration

Answer 4

When intracellular fluid leaks out of the cell through the pores causing the cell to shrink

Question 5

Glycoproteins

Answer 5

Found on the plasma membranes outer surface; are cell protein molecules; are surface markers AKA antigens

Example: A RBC contains glycoprotein surface markers that identifies the individuals blood type A,B,O or AB

Question 6

Sodium-Potassium (Na+/K+) pump

Answer 6

Uses energy to actively transport sodium (3 ions) out of the cell and bring potassium (2 ions) into the cell. The pump is located in the plasma membrane of all cells.

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

Cell’s energy producers. It’s primary function is to convert organic nutrients into cell energy in the form of ATP.

Cell types differ in their number of mitochondria according to their energy needs.

Question 8

Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 8

A process to convert organic nutrients into ATP that requires oxygen. Provides the maximum amount of energy for cellular function: a net yield of 34 ATP.

Question 9

Anaerobic Metbolism

Answer 9

AKA glycolysis; occurs outside the mitochondria and glucose is used to create energy. Produces significantly less energy: net yield of 2 ATP and purification acid.

Question 10

Lysosomes

Answer 10

Are small, membrane-enclosed organelles with an internal environment that is more acidic than the rest of the cell. Contains digestive enzymes such as lysozyme, proteases, and lipase that degrade ingested foreign substances and cellular debris.

Question 11

Autolysis

Answer 11

A process in which lysosomes releases digestive enzymes to destroy the cell parts when a cell dies.

Question 12

Macrophages

Answer 12

Major defensive WBCs of the body; they engulf and I fear foreign substance that invade the body.

Question 13

Heterolysis

Answer 13

The process in which lysosomes are used to digest foreign matter infested by a macrophage.

Question 14

Proteasomes

Answer 14

Enzymatically degrade polypeptide chains and proteins

Question 15

Peroxisomes

Answer 15

Break down long-chain fatty acids and free radicals

Question 16

Adrenoleukodystrophy

Answer 16

Is a disorder of dysfunctional peroxisomes in which long-chain fatty acids accumulate in the nervous systems. Over time causes the deterioration of the nervous system eventually leading to dementia, paralysis and death.

Question 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 17

Network of tubules within the cell that act as a transport system. Two main types: Smooth and rough

Question 18

Smooth ER

Answer 18

Is the location for lipid production which includes corticosteroids, oils and phospholipids.

Question 19

Rough ER

Answer 19

Is a tubular network with attached ribosomes that synthesize proteins

Question 20

Ribosomes

Answer 20

Are small, spherical organelles composed of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA). Can be likened to cellular “protein factories”

Question 21

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 21

Processes, packages and secretes proteins that are transported via the ER.

Example: the formation of hormones. Preprohormone is the initial protein manufactured by ribosomes and contains a signal peptide that directs its transfer to the ER. During the transfer to the ER, the signal peptide is removed and is now referred as a prohormone. From here the prohormone is transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing to convert it to an actual hormone.

Question 22

Microtubules

Answer 22

Are hollow filaments composed of protein subunits called tubular. They comprise structures involved in cell division such as centrioles and motorized spindle.

Question 23

Microfilaments

Answer 23

Are solid, flexible, fibers, sometimes referred to as actin filaments. They help the cell change shape and seen in the amoeboid movements of macrophages and contraction of muscles.

Question 24

Nucleus

Answer 24

The cells master mind. Contains the body’s genetic material, DNA, which regulates all cell structure and function.

Question 25

Purine bases

Answer 25

Consisting of adenine and guanine

Question 26

Pyrimidine bases

Answer 26

Consisting of Thymine and cytosine

Question 27

Transcription

Answer 27

Occurs in the nucleus. Starts with the two strands of the helical DNA structure uncoil and separate. One strand acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA.

In RNA thymine Is replaced by Uracil

Question 28

Translation

Answer 28

Occurs in the ribosomes. Ribosomes interpret the message from mRNA in order to manufacture proteins.
tRNA gathers and joins the exact amino acids that will form the protein designated by mRNA.
rRNA is mainly involved in the formation of the ribosome itself.