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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The function of the body ie how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities

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3
Q

Reference man and woman

A

Man: 155lb
Woman: 125lb

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4
Q

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

A

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (ex. heart, lungs, and kidneys)

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5
Q

Regional anatomy

A

All the structures in a region are examined at the same time

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6
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Body structure is studied system by system (ex. cardiovascular=study heart and blood vessels)

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7
Q

Surface anatomy

A

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface (ex. bulging muscles and blood vessels)

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8
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Structures too small to be seen with the naked eye (subdivisions=cytology and histology)

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9
Q

Cytology

A

Considers cells of the body

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10
Q

Principle of complementarity of structure and function

A

What a structure can do depends on its form

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11
Q

Chemical level

A

Atoms combine to form molecules, molecules associate to form organelles , then create cells

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12
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells that have a common function (epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous)

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13
Q

Functions of tissues

A

Epithelial: covers the body surface and lines it’s cavities
Muscle: provides movement
Connective: supports and protects body organs
Nervous: rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses

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14
Q

Structural organization

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system

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15
Q

Integumentary System

A

External body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands

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16
Q

Skeletal System

A

Protects and supports body organs, provides framework for muscles to use and cause movement

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17
Q

Muscular System

A

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.

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18
Q

Nervous System

A

Fast acting control system of the body. It responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands.

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19
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

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20
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, co2, nutrients, wastes, etc. Heart pumps blood.

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21
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Picks up fluids leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) for immunity.

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22
Q

Respiratory System

A

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes co2.

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23
Q

Digestive System

A

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution. Indigestible foods eliminated as feces.

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24
Q

Urinary System

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolytes, and acid base balance of blood.

25
Male & Female Reproductive System
Production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to females. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures fertilize and develop the fetus. Mammary glands produce milk.
26
Plasma Membrane
All body cells are surrounded by it. It separates the intracellular fluid inside cells from extracellular fluid outside
27
Intercellular fluid & Extracellular fluid
Part of extracellular (blood plasma) is enclosed in blood vessels. The remainder, the interstitial fluid, surrounds and bathes all of our cells
28
Contractility
The muscle cells ability to move by shortening
29
Responsiveness (excitability)
The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and respond to them (ex. Cut your hand on glass initiates the withdrawal reflex where you involuntarily pull away from painful stimuli)
30
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It is breaking down substances into simpler building blocks (the process of catabolism), synthesizing more complex substances from simpler building blocks (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce (via cellular respiration) ATP, the energy rich molecules that power cellular activities. Regulated by hormones.
31
Cellular Reproduction
The original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may be used for growth or repair
32
Survival Needs
Nutrients (food), oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure
33
Homeostatic control
1. The receptor responds to stimuli (changes) by sending info (input) along the aferente pathway to the second component, the control center 2. The control center determines the set point, which is the level at which a variable is maintained. It analyzes the input by comparing it to the set point and determines the response. Info (output) flows fro mother control center along the efferent pathway to the third component, the effector. 3. The effector carries out the control centers response to stimulus. The results then feed back to influence the effect of stimulus, either reducing it to shut off or enhancing it to make it faster.
34
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. It causes the variable to change direction opposite of the initial change, returning to “ideal” (ex. heating system runs until certain temperature and shuts off to maintain temperature)
35
Positive Feedback Systems
Enhances the original stimulus so further responses are greater. The change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change, causing the variable to deviate further from the original value. AKA cascades (ex. oxytocin causes contractions to be more frequent and powerful. The contractions cause more oxytocin which causes more contractions)
36
Homeostatic Imbalance
A disturbance in homeostasis. Occurs when the negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedbacks take over.
37
Anatomical Position
The anatomical reference point that is a standard body position
38
Regional Terms
Axial and appendicular
39
Axial
The main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk
40
Appendicular
Attached to the body’s axis, includes the appendages or limbs
41
Body planes
Sagittal, frontal, and transverse
42
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. A sagittal plane that is in the midline is the median plane, or midsagittal plane. Those offset from the midline are parasagittal plane.
43
Frontal plane
Lie vertically but but divide the body into posterior and anterior parts (a.k.a coronal plane)
44
Transverse plane
(Or horizontal) runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts (a.k.a cross section)
45
Oblique sections
Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes
46
Dorsal body cavity
Protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions called the cranial and the vertebral (or spinal) cavity
47
Cranial cavity
In the skull and encases the brain. Covered by membranes called meninges.
48
Vertebral cavity
Runs within the vertebral column and enclosed the spinal cord. Covered by membranes called meninges.
49
Ventral body cavity
Houses internal organs called the viscera, or visceral organs, and has two major subdivisions called the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
50
Thoracic cavity
Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest and is subdivided into lateral pleural cavities (each enveloping a lung) and the medial mediastinum (contains the pericardial cavity which enclose the heart and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs such as the esophagus, trachea, and others)
51
Abdominopelvic cavity
Has two parts, the abdominal cavity (contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs) and the pelvic cavity (lies in the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.
52
Membranes in the ventral body cavity
The walls of the cavity and the surfaces of organs are covered by the serosa, or serous membrane. The part that lines the cavity walls is the parietal serosa and the part that covers the surface of organs is the visceral serosa. Membranes are separated by serous fluid.
53
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)
54
Abdominopelvic regions
Umbilical region, epigastric region, pubic (hypogastric) region, right and left inguinal or iliac regions, right and left lateral (lumbar) regions, right and left hypochondriac regions
55
Oral and digestive cavities
The oral cavity (mouth) contains the teeth and tongue
56
Nasal cavity
Located within and posterior to the nose, it is part of the respiratory passageways
57
Orbital cavities
The orbital cavities (orbits) in the skull house the eyes
58
Middle ear cavities
Lie just medial to the eardrums. It contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the shearing receptors in the inner ear
59
Synovial cavities
Joint cavities that are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints. It secretes a lubricating fluid to reduce friction of bones

A&P (5 decks)

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