Chapter 1 Flashcards
Is broadly defined as the application of pharmacology to cardiopulmonary disease and critical care.
respiratory care pharmacology
A ____ is any chemical that alters the organism’s functions or processes
drug
The study of drugs (chemicals), including their origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms, is the subject of
pharmacology
The preparation and dispensing of drugs
Pharmacy
The identification of sources of drugs, from plants and animals
Pharmacognosy
The study of the interrelationship of genetic differences and drug effects
Pharmacogenetics
The art of treating disease with drugs
Therapeutics
The study of toxic substances and their pharmacologic actions, including antidotes and poison control
Toxicology
The principles of drug action from dose administration to effect and clearance from the body are the subject of processes known as
drug administration, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics
The name indicating the drug’s chemical structure
Chemical name
A name assigned by a manufacturer to an experimental chemical that shows potential as a drug.
Code name
The name assigned to a chemical by the United States Adopted Name (USAN) Council when the chemical appears to have therapeutic use and the manufacturer wishes to market the drug.
Generic name
the generic name is also known as the ________
nonproprietary name
In the event that an experimental drug
becomes fully approved for general use and is admitted to the _______________ (USP-NF), the generic name becomes the official name
Official name, United States Pharmacopeia–National Formulary
This is the brand name, or proprietary name, given by a particular manufacturer.
Trade name
The ______ is a book of standards containing information about medications, dietary supplements, and medical devices. The FDA considers this book the official standard for drugs marketed in the United States
USP-NF
Another source of drug information is the______. Although prepared by manufacturers of drugs and potentially lacking the objectivity of the USP-NF, this annual volume provides useful information, including descriptive color charts for drug identification, names of manufacturers, and general drug actions.
Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)
2 textbooks for a comprehensive and in-depth discussion of general pharmacologic principles and drug classes
Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, eleventh edition
Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, eleventh edition
An excellent way to obtain information on drug products and new releases is the monthly subscription service provided as ________, published by Facts & Comparisons
Drug Facts and Comparisons
The prototype of cromolyn sodium was _____, found in the eastern Mediterranean plant _____; this plant was used in ancient times as a ______. Today, its synthetic derivative is used as an _______.
khellin, Ammi visnaga, muscle relaxant, antiasthmatic agent
Another example is ___, derived from
Chondrodendron tomentosum (a large vine) and used by __________ to coat their arrow tips for lethal effect. Its derivative is now used as a ________.
curare, South American Indians, neuromuscular blocking agent
Digitalis is obtained from the foxglove plant
(_______) and was reputedly used by the Mayans for relief of _____. This cardiac glycoside is now used to treat ______ conditions.
Digitalis purpurea, angina, heart
The notorious poppy seed (Papaver somniferum) is the source of the _______, immortalized in Confessions of an English Opium-Eater
opium alkaloids
The most common source of drug preparation is
chemical synthesis
Because a drug is a chemical, the first step in drug development is to identify a chemical with the potential for useful physiologic effects. What process is this?
Chemical Isolation and Identification
______showed antitumor activity, making it attractive for investigation as an anticancer drug.
Paclitaxel
Once an active chemical is isolated and identified, a series of _______ examines its general effect on the animal and effects on specific organs, such as the liver or kidneys.
animal studies
An ________ application is filed with the FDA for the chemical being examined. The ____ application includes all of the information previously gathered and plans for human studies. These studies proceed in three phases and usually require about 3 years
to complete
Investigational New Drug (IND), IND
The drug is investigated in a small group of healthy volunteers to establish its activity. This investigation is the basis for the pharmacokinetic description of the drug (rates of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination).
Phase 1
The drug is next investigated as a treatment in a small number of individuals with the disease the drug is intended to treat.
Phase 2
The drug is investigated in large, multicenter studies to establish safety and efficacy.
Phase 3
After a successful IND process, a ______ is filed with the FDA, and, on approval, the drug is released for general clinical use. A detailed reporting system is in place for the first _____ to track any problems that arise with the drug’s use. The drug is no longer experimental (investigational) and can be prescribed for treatment of the general population by physicians
New Drug Application (NDA), 6 months
Certain drugs used for rare diseases, which may not return the cost of their development, are termed _____.
orphan drugs
An _______ is a drug or biologic product for the diagnosis or treatment of a rare disease. Rare is defined as a disease that affects less than _____ persons in the United States. Alternatively, a drug may be designated as an orphan if it is used for a disease that affects more than 200,000 persons but there is no reasonable expectation of recovering the cost of drug development.
orphan drug, 200,000
Intravenous administration for moderate to severe
acetaminophen overdose
Acetylcysteine
The selling of many drugs requires a physician’s order,
known as the ____, and involves Latin terms and abbreviations.
prescription
The _______ is the written order for a drug, along with any specific instructions for compounding, dispensing, and taking the drug. This order may be written by a physician, osteopath, dentist, veterinarian, and others but not by chiropractors or opticians
prescription
Since passage of the _________, physicians must include their registration number provided by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) (usually termed a DEA registration number) when prescribing narcotics or controlled substances. Any licensed physician may apply for a DEA registration number
Controlled Substances Act of 1971
Part 1 of prescription
Patient’s name and address and the date the prescription was written
Rx (meaning_____) directs the pharmacist to take
the drug listed and prepare the medication. This is referred to as the _____. what part of prescription
“recipe” or “take thou”, superscription
Part 3
The inscription lists the name and quantity of the drug being prescribed.
When applicable, the physician includes a subscription, directions to the pharmacist on how to prepare the medication. For example, a direction to make an ointment, which might be appropriate
for certain medications, would be “ft ung.” In many cases, with precompounded drug counting out the correct number is the only requirement.
part 4
Sig (signa) means _____ The transcription or signature is the information the pharmacist writes on the label of the medication as instructions to the patient. what part of prescription?
“write.”
Name of the prescriber: Although the physician signs the prescription, the word “signature,” as described in part 5, denotes the directions to the patient, not the physician’s name. What part?
Part 6
Many drugs are available to the general population without a prescription; these are referred to as _______products
over-the-counter (OTC)
A physician can indicate to the pharmacist that ______ is permitted in the filling of a prescription
generic substitution
_______ are central to respiratory care in pulmonary diseases. This group of drugs includes adrenergic, anticholinergic, mucoactive, corticosteroid, antiasthmatic, and antiinfective agents and surfactants instilled directly into the trachea
Aerosolized agents
Aerosol doses are bigger than doses used for the same purpose and given systemically. T/F
F-smaller
Side effects are usually fewer and less severe with aerosol delivery than with oral or parenteral delivery.
True
The onset of action is slow. T/F
F-Rapid
Drug delivery is targeted to the respiratory system, with lower systemic bioavailability
True
The inhalation of aerosol drugs is painless, is relatively
safe, and may be convenient depending on the specific
delivery device used.
True
______: Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and bronchodilation, to reduce Raw and to improve ventilatory flow rates in airway obstruction resulting from COPD, asthma, CF, acute bronchitis
_____: Topical vasoconstriction and decongestion Used to treat upper airway swelling
Adrenergic agents, b-adrenergic
@-Adrenergic
Relaxation of cholinergically induced bronchoconstriction to improve ventilatory flow rates in COPD and asthma
Anticholinergic agents
Modification of properties of respiratory tract mucus; current agents reduce viscosity and promote clearance of secretions
Mucoactive agents
Reduction and control of airway inflammatory response usually associated with asthma (lower respiratory tract) or with seasonal or chronic rhinitis (upper respiratory tract)
Corticosteroids
Prevention of onset and development of the asthmatic response, through inhibition of chemical mediators of inflammation
Antiasthmatic agents
Inhibition or eradication of specific infective agents, such as Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) (pentamidine), RSV (ribavirin), Pseudomonas aeruginosa in CF or influenza A and B
Antiinfective agents
Approved clinical use is by direct intratracheal instillation, for the purpose of restoring more normal lung compliance in respiratory distress syndrome of newborns
Exogenous surfactants
Clinically indicated to treat pulmonary hypertension for the purpose of decreasing shortness of breath and increasing walking distance
Prostacyclin
analogues
