Chapter 1 Flashcards
Cations
Atom loses an electron (positively charged)
Anion
Atom gains an electron (negatively charged)
Oxidization
The loss of electrons (becomes + charged)
Reduction
The gaining of electrons (becomes - charged)
Molecules
chemical bonds when two or more atoms join
Condensation
Join a chemical bond together
Hydrolysis
Split Apart chemical bonds
Basic (pH)
greater than 7
Neutral (pH)
Equivalent to 7
Acidic
Less than 7
Buffers
enables fluids to resist changes in pH
Smallest To Largest Structural and Functional Units
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organelles
structures within a cell that carry out cell activity (Mitochondria, Nucleus)
Cytoplasm
Gel like material found throughout the cell
Extracellular vs Intracellular environments
Outside of the cell vs Inside of the cell
Cell membranes
Regulates the movement into and out of the cell
Simple Diffusion (Passive Transport)
higher to lower concentration-no energy needed
Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport)
higher to lower concentration, but also require transport protein that escorts the material across cell membrane
Osmosis
movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
Vesicular Active Transport
Large molecules move into or out of cell by an enclosed vesicle
Endocytosis: extracellular to intracellular
Exocytosis: intracellular to extracellular
Epithelial Tissue
protective layer on body surface and lining of internal organs
Connective: “glue” that holds the body together
Exp: Tendons, cartilage, blood
Muscle Tissue
Tissue that specializes in movement
Exp: Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle
Neural Tissue
Specializes in communication via nerves
Exp: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Connective Tissue
Provides structure to the body by binding and anchoring body parts.
Organs
Two or more different types of Tissue
Organ System
several organs work together to perform physiologic function
- Communication systems
a. Nervous system :neurotransmitters
b. Endocrine system: hormones
c. Negative feedback systems
Gastrointestinal Tract
Hollow Tube from mouth to anus
Digestive System Organs
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
Digestive System Accessory Organs
Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
3 Important Digestive System Functions
Digestion, absorption, and egestion
Salivary Glands
Release a mixture of water, mucus, and enzymes
Mouth (Digestion)
Mechanical breakdown, moistening, and mixing of food with saliva.
Pharynx
Propels food from the back of the oral cavity into the esophagus.
Liver
Produces bile, an important secretion needed for lipid digestion
Esophagus (Digestive)
Transport food from the pharynx to the stomach.
Gallbladder
Stores and releases bile, needed for lipid digestion.
Stomach (Digestive)
Muscular contractions mix food with gastric juice, causing the chemical and physical breakdown of food into chyme
Pancreas
Releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes chyme (the acidic gastric juice) and contains enzymes needed for carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion.
Small Intestine (Digestion/Absorption)
Major sire of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption.
Large Intestine (digestion/reabsorption)
Receives and prepares undigested food to be eliminated from the body as feces.
Sphincters
- Ring-shaped musclethat relaxes or tightens to
open or close an opening - Controls amount of food that goes to the next
section of GI - Prevents backflow of contents
Names: (Esophageal, Pyloric, Ileocecal, 2 Anal)
Segmentation
Circular Contraction
Purpose: to mix food contents with digestive juices
Peristalsis
Longitudinal contraction
Purpose: to propel food bolus to next section of Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)
Three phases of Digestion
Cephalic Phase (before food enters mouth), Gastric Phase (arrival of food in stomach), Intestinal Phase
Pepsin
Enzyme that digests protein
Chyme
Acidic mixture of food and gastric secretion
Gastric Acid
- Sterilizes
- Activates pepsin
- Breaks protein structure: denaturation
- Releases nutrients from food molecule
- Mucus protects stomach cell lining from gastric acid
