Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the six levels of structural organization

Answer 1

1. Chemical: letter of alphabet. Includes atoms. C,H,O,,N,P are essential for life
2. Cellular: molecules combine to make cells, the smallest living unit (words)
3. Tissue: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them. Four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous (sentences)
4. Organ: different types of tissues join together (paragraphs), composed of two or more types of tissues.
5. System: (chapter) related organs with a common function
6. Organism: (book) all parts of the human body functioning together

Question 2

Four basic types of tissues and locations

Answer 2

Epithelial: covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, and cavities, and forms glands
Connective: connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other organs.
Muscular: contracts to move body, and generate heat
Nervous: Carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.

Question 3

Basic life processes (6)

Answer 3

1. Metabolism: sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. (Catabolism break down) (anabolism build up)
2. Responsiveness: detect and respond to changes
3. Movement: motion of the whole body, individual organs, cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
4. Growth: increase in body size - either by increasing size of existing cells, and/or an increase in the amount of cells.
5. Differentiation: cell from unspecialized to specialized state.
6. Reproduction: either new cells, or new individual

Question 4

Body fluids

Answer 4

Intracellular fluid: fluid within cells.
Extra cellular fluid: fills spaces between cells of tissues =interstitial fluid.

Question 5

Extra cellular fluid/interstitial fluid name based on location

Answer 5

Blood vessel= blood plasma
Lymphatic vessels= lymph
Joints= synovial
Eyes= aqueous and vitreous humour
Brain and spinal cord= CSF

Question 6

Basic Parts of a feedback system

Answer 6

1. Receptor (afferent), monitors controlled condition, and sends information to control centre
2. Control centre: sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained. (Ex. Brain)
3. Effector: receives output (efferent), produces a response.

Question 7

Negative feedback system

Answer 7

Reverses a change in a controlled condition
Ex: high blood pressure= baroreceptors (receptor), In blood vessels sense increased pressure, send nerve impulses to the brain (control centre), which interprets and responds by sending nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels (effector). Heart rate decreases and blood vessels dilate which cause blood pressure to decrease (response)

Question 8

Positive feedback loop

Answer 8

First contraction of labour (stimulus), which pushes fetus to cervix, stretch sensitive nerve cells (receptors) monitor stretch, as stretch increases they continue to send nerve impulses to the brain (control centre), which release oxytocin (output) to blood, causing muscles of uterus to contract more forcefully (effector). The cycle continues to get stronger and is only broken by childbirth.

Question 9

Disease vs. Disorder

Answer 9

Disease: characterized by a set of signs and symptoms.
Disorder: any abnormality of structure or function

Question 10

Body cavities

Answer 10

Spaces that enclose internal organs. Doesn’t open to outside.

Question 11

Cranial cavity

Answer 11

Contains brain, formed by cranial bones

Question 12

Vertebral/Spinal canal

Answer 12

Contains spinal cord and beginning of spinal nerves. Is continuous with cranial cavity. Shock absorbing (3 layered) meninges cover brain and spinal cord.
Formed by vertebral column

Question 13

Thoracic cavity

Answer 13

Or chest cavity, formed by ribs, muscles of chest, sternum, and thoracic portion of vertebral column.
Within the thoracic cavity are the 1. Pericardial cavity, 2. Plural cavities, 3. Mediastinum

Question 14

Pericardial cavity

Answer 14

Located within the thoracic cavity is a fluid filled space that surrounds the heart.

Question 15

Pleural cavity

Answer 15

In thoracic cavity. One around each lung.

Question 16

Mediastinum

Answer 16

Central part of thoracic cavity, between lungs, extends from sternum to vertebral column, and from first rib to diaphragm, contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, several large organs.

Question 17

Abdominpelvic cavity

Answer 17

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities. Extends from diaphragm to groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of pelvis.

Question 18

Abdominal cavity

Answer 18

Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, portions of large intestines

Question 19

Pelvic cavity

Answer 19

Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestines, and reproductive organs.

Question 20

Viscera

Answer 20

Organs within the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity

Question 21

Membrane

Answer 21

Thin pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions or connects structures. Ex. Serous membrane

Question 22

Serous membrane

Answer 22

Covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen. There are two parts 1) parietal layer: thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities and 2) the visceral layer: a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities.

Serous fluid lays between the two layers to allow movement.

Question 23

Peritoneum

Answer 23

Is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity. The visceral peritoneum lines the viscera, and the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall.