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Biology 3/4 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

opinion

A

the personal belief or viewpoint of an individual which typically has not been verified as fact

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2
Q

controlled experiment

A

an investigation into the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable, while keeping all other factors constant

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3
Q

reliable

A

describes an experiment, tool or measurement that produces similar results when repeated and reproduced

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4
Q

bias

A

an inclination to favour a particular position or outcome

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5
Q

error

A

differences between observed values and the true value

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6
Q

Country

A

an area that is traditionally own and looked after by an Aboriginal language group or community, or by certain people within that group. The term may indicate more than simple a geographical area - it is also a concept that can encompass the spiritual meaning and feelings of deep connection and attachment associated with that area.

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7
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable statement that describes how experimenters expect the dependent variable to change as the independent variable changes

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8
Q

research question

A

a testable, achievable, and specific question that an investigation sets out to answer

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9
Q

aim

A

the objective of an investigation or experiment

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10
Q

dependent variable (DV)

A

the factor/s measured in the experiment that are changed when the IV is manipulated

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11
Q

independent variable (IV)

A

the factor/s that is/are manipulated in an experiment

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12
Q

controlled variable

A

a factor that is kept constant throughout the experiment. Also known as a constant variable

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13
Q

uncontrolled variable

A

a factor that is not kept constant or accounted for throughout the experiment. Also known as an extraneous variable

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14
Q

methodology

A

the strategy or overarching framework followed in a scientific investigation

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15
Q

method

A

the steps followed in a scientific investigation

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16
Q

repeatable

A

an experiment/ measurement in which scientists, using the methods they designed, can obtain the same result multiple times

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17
Q

reproducible

A

an experiment/ measurements in which a group of scientists, using methods designed by others, can obtain the same results as another group’s experiment

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18
Q

vaild

A

a measurement or experiment that actually tests what it claims to be testing

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19
Q

experimental group

A

a group of individuals/samples in which the independent variable is manipulated. Also known as the treatment group

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20
Q

control group

A

a group of individuals/samples that are not exposed to the independent variable. Also known as the experimental control, control treatment, or the control

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21
Q

placebo

A

a substance that has no active ingredients or side effects

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22
Q

replication

A

the process of running your test/experiment multiple times

23
Q

precise

A

two or more measurements that closely align with each other

24
Q

replicates

A

multiple measurements that are exposed to the same level of the IV, are very close in value, and are close to the ‘true’ value of the quantity being measured

25
Q

outlier

A

a reading that varies drastically from other results

26
Q

random error

A

variation in results caused by uncontrollable conditions between replicates, resulting in a less precise spread of readings. Can be reduced using more replicates or refining the measurement process

27
Q

accurate

A

how close a measurement is to the true value

28
Q

true value

A

the value that would be obtained by a perfect measurement without the influence of errors

29
Q

population

A

a set of similiar objects or individuals that are studied in a scientific investigation

30
Q

sample

A

a subset of the larger population being studied

31
Q

representative

A

a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the large population

32
Q

unbiased

A

a sample or measurement that is unaffected by a scientist’s expectations

33
Q

personal error

A

mistakes or miscalculations due to human fault. Can be eliminated by performing the experiment again correctly

34
Q

systematic error

A

errors which cause results to differ by a consistent amount each time, typically due to faulty equipment or calibration, resulting in a less accurate result. Can be reduced by calibrating and maintaining instruments

35
Q

uncertainity

A

a quantification of the error associated with a measurement, often represented by the symbol ‘Plus/Minus’ after a reading

36
Q

ethics

A

a field of knowledge that helps individuals exercise moral judgement and determine what is right and wrong

37
Q

sterile

A

surgically clean and free from contamination by microorganisms. Also known as aseptic

38
Q

primary data

A

results collected from experiments, interviews, or surveys undertaken by the researcher

39
Q

raw data

A

results that have not been processed, manipulated or formatted for use

40
Q

transformed data

A

results that have been converted from their raw format into a more visually comprehensible format that is easier to analyse

41
Q

secondary data

A

results from sources other than the researcher’s own investigations

42
Q

numerical variable

A

a factor that is measured as a number such as height, count of population, and age

43
Q

categorical variable

A

a factor that is qualitative, typically describing a characteristic such as gender, birth order (1st, 2nd, 3rd), or nationality

44
Q

trendline

A

a line that shows the main pattern followed by a set of points on a graph. Also known as a line of best fit

45
Q

anecdote

A

evidence involving a personal account or report of a previous experience that may provide a certain level of support for a position

46
Q

correlation

A

when there isi a relationship between two variables

47
Q

causation

A

when change in one variable leads to reliable change in another

48
Q

ethics

A

a field of knowledge that helps individuals exercise moral judgement and determine what is right and wrong

49
Q

applied ethics

A

the application of ethical theories to real-life moral problems and contexts

50
Q

metathinking

A

the practice of reflecting upon and evaluating the way we think, including the different strategies and tools for problem-solving and learning

51
Q

bioethics

A

the study of ethical issues pertaining to biology and medicine

52
Q

bioethical issue

A

an ethical dilemma pertaining to biology that typically involves a decision-making process between two or more choices or options for an action

53
Q

bioethical approach

A

a devision making framework that helps guide ethical behaiviour

54
Q

ethical concept

A

ethical concept a specific perspective or lens used to consider multiple angles of ethical dilemma

Biology 3/4 (11 decks)

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